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Message: <blockquote data-quote="imhotep" data-source="post: 27189338" data-attributes="member: 562115"><First part is fully understood ! Simply permutations and combinations.>Yes.. but out of the mathematically possible permutations, there are only a certain number is stable. That's where Protein Folding laws come into play. The Laws of Thermodynamics applies - the amino acid sequence of a protein determines its native structure and the native structure has the minimum Gibbs free energy. Refer to Gibbs Free Energy principle  (ΔΔG). This is routinely used in protein engineering and this is the basis to arrive at the figure of 19,440 mutations. If I remember correct it was calculated by a team at Oxford University.I will PM a link to download Kuby Immunology (6th Edition) if you wish to read about how Human Immune system works. Chapter 1 is a good introduction.(The recent 8th Edition is double the size, different and aimed at postgrads.)However, a brief description can be found from CDC page on <a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html" target="_blank">Science Brief: SARS-CoV-2 Infection-induced and Vaccine-induced Immunity.</a><a href="https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html" target="_blank">https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/vaccine-induced-immunity.html</a><hr />It's the truth on the origins of the Wuhan virus that I am waiting for.... <img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" class="smilie smilie--sprite smilie--sprite22" alt="(y)" title="Thumbs up    (y)" loading="lazy" data-shortname="(y)" />------ Post added on [DATETIME="UT"]1639616009[/DATETIME]</blockquote>

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