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Message: <blockquote data-quote="pbbncbs" data-source="post: 17669323" data-attributes="member: 139650">Politics (from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" target="_blank">Greek</a>: πολιτικός politikos,  meaning "of, for, or relating to citizens") is the practice and theory  of influencing other people on a global, civic or individual level. More  narrowly, it refers to achieving and exercising positions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance" target="_blank">governance</a> — organized control over a human community, particularly a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_%28polity%29" target="_blank">state</a>.  Furthermore, politics is the study or practice of the distribution of  power and resources within a given community (a hierarchically organized  population) as well as the interrelationship(s) between communities. A  variety of methods are employed in politics, which include promoting  one's own political views among people, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiation" target="_blank">negotiation</a> with other political subjects, making <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law" target="_blank">laws</a>, and exercising <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Force_%28law%29" target="_blank">force</a>, including <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warfare" target="_blank">warfare</a> against adversaries. Politics is exercised on a wide range of social levels, from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clans" target="_blank">clans</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribes" target="_blank">tribes</a> of traditional societies, through modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_government" target="_blank">local governments</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company" target="_blank">companies</a> and institutions up to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" target="_blank">sovereign states</a>, to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_politics" target="_blank">international level</a>. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_system" target="_blank">political system</a> is a framework which defines acceptable political methods within a given society. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_political_thought" target="_blank">History of political thought</a> can be traced back to early antiquity, with seminal works such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato" target="_blank">Plato</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_%28Plato%29" target="_blank">Republic</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" target="_blank">Aristotle</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29" target="_blank">Politics</a> and the works of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confucius" target="_blank">Confucius</a>.    Contents  <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Etymology" target="_blank">1 Etymology</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#History_of_state_politics" target="_blank">2 History of state politics</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#The_state" target="_blank">2.1 The state</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#The_state_and_property" target="_blank">2.1.1 The state and property</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#The_state_and_the_justice_system" target="_blank">2.1.2 The state and the justice system</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#The_state_and_legislation" target="_blank">2.1.3 The state and legislation</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#The_state_and_the_executive_system" target="_blank">2.1.4 The state and the executive system</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Themes" target="_blank">3 Themes</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Forms_of_political_organization" target="_blank">3.1 Forms of political organization</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Global_politics" target="_blank">3.2 Global politics</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Political_corruption" target="_blank">3.3 Political corruption</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Political_parties" target="_blank">3.4 Political parties</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Politics_as_an_academic_discipline" target="_blank">3.5 Politics as an academic discipline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Political_values" target="_blank">4 Political values</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Left.E2.80.93right_politics" target="_blank">4.1 Left–right politics</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Authoritarian.E2.80.93libertarian_politics" target="_blank">4.2 Authoritarian–libertarian politics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#See_also" target="_blank">5 See also</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#Notes" target="_blank">6 Notes</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#References" target="_blank">7 References</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#External_links" target="_blank">8 External links</a></li> </ul>   Etymology The word comes from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek" target="_blank">Greek</a> word from which the title of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotle" target="_blank">Aristotle</a>'s books <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_%28Aristotle%29" target="_blank">Politics</a> (politika)  derives: "affairs of the cities", a dissertation on governing and  governments, which was rendered in English in the mid-15th century as  Latinized "Polettiques". Thus it became "politics" in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_English" target="_blank">Middle English</a> . The singular politic first attested in English 1430 and comes from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_French" target="_blank">Middle French</a> politique, in turn from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin" target="_blank">Latin</a> politicus,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-1" target="_blank">[1]</a> which is the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinisation_of_names" target="_blank">Latinization</a> of the Greek πολιτικός (politikos), meaning amongst others "of, for, or relating to citizens", "civil", "civic", "belonging to the state",<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-2" target="_blank">[2]</a> in turn from πολίτης (polites), "citizen"<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-3" target="_blank">[3]</a> and that from πόλις (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polis" target="_blank">polis</a>), "city".<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[4]</a> History of state politics The history of politics is reflected in the origin, development, and economics of the institutions of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government" target="_blank">government</a>. The state Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_%28polity%29" target="_blank">State (polity)</a> The origin of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_%28polity%29" target="_blank">state</a> is to be found in the development of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_of_Warfare" target="_blank">art of warfare</a>. Historically speaking, all political communities of the modern type owe their existence to successful warfare.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-5" target="_blank">[5]</a> Kings, emperors and other types of monarchs in many countries  including China and Japan, were considered divine. Of the institutions  that ruled states, that of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingship" target="_blank">kingship</a> stood at the forefront until the French Revolution put an end to the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" target="_blank">divine right of kings</a>". Nevertheless, the monarchy is among the longest-lasting political institutions, dating as early as 2100 BC in Sumeria<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-6" target="_blank">[6]</a> to the 21st century AD British Monarchy. Kingship becomes an institution through heredity. The king often, even in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy" target="_blank">absolute monarchies</a>, ruled his kingdom with the aid of an elite group of advisors, a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Privy_council" target="_blank">council</a> without which he could not maintain power. As these advisors, and others outside the monarchy negotiated for power, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" target="_blank">constitutional monarchies</a> emerged, which may be considered the germ of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_government" target="_blank">constitutional government</a>.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank">citation needed</a>] Long before the council became a bulwark of democracy, it rendered invaluable aid to the institution of kingship by:[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank">citation needed</a>] <ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Preserving the institution of kingship through heredity.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Preserving the traditions of the social order.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Being able to withstand criticism as an impersonal authority.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Being able to manage a greater deal of knowledge and action than a single individual such as the king.</li> </ol> The greatest of the king's subordinates, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls" target="_blank">earls</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes" target="_blank">dukes</a> in England and Scotland, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukes" target="_blank">dukes</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts" target="_blank">counts</a>  in the Continent, always sat as a right on the council. A conqueror  wages war upon the vanquished for vengeance or for plunder but an  established kingdom exacts <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribute" target="_blank">tribute</a>. One of the functions of the council is to keep the coffers of the king full. Another is the satisfaction of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_service" target="_blank">military service</a> and the establishment of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lordship" target="_blank">lordships</a> by the king to satisfy the task of collecting taxes and soldiers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-7" target="_blank">[7]</a> The state and property <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property" target="_blank">Property</a>  is the right vested on the individual or a group of people to enjoy the  benefits of an object, be it material or intellectual. A right is a  power enforced by public trust. Sometimes it happens that the exercise  of a right is opposed to public trust. Nevertheless, a right is really  an institution brought around by public trust, past, present or future.  The growth of knowledge is the key to the history of property as an  institution. The more man becomes knowledgeable of an object be it  physical or intellectual, the more it is appropriated. The appearance of  the State brought about the final stage in the evolution of property  from wildlife to husbandry. In the presence of the State, man can hold  landed property. The State began granting lordships and ended up  conferring property and with it came <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance" target="_blank">inheritance</a>.  With landed property came rent and in the exchange of goods, profit, so  that in modern times, the "lord of the land" of long ago becomes the  landlord. If it is wrongly assumed that the value of land is always the  same, then there is of course no evolution of property whatever.  However, the price of land goes up with every increase in population  benefiting the landlord. The landlordism of large land owners has been  the most rewarded of all political services. In industry, the position  of the landlord is less important but in towns which have grown out of  an industry, the fortunate landlord has reaped an enormous profit.  Towards the latter part of the Middle Ages in Europe, both the State -  the State would use the instrument of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiscation" target="_blank">confiscation</a>  for the first time to satisfy a debt - and the Church - the Church  succeeded in acquiring immense quantities of land - were allied against  the village community to displace the small landlord and they were  successful to the extent that today, the village has become the ideal of  the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualist" target="_blank">individualist</a>,  a place in which every man "does what he wills with his own." The State  has been the most important factor in the evolution of the institution  of property be it public or private.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-8" target="_blank">[8]</a> The state and the justice system As a primarily military institution, the State is concerned with the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegiance" target="_blank">allegiance</a> of its subjects, viewing disloyalty and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage" target="_blank">espionage</a> as well as other sorts of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiracy_%28political%29" target="_blank">conspiracies</a> as detrimental to its national security. Thus arises the law of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason" target="_blank">treason</a>. Criminal acts in general, breaking the peace and treason make up the whole, or at least part of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Criminal_law" target="_blank">criminal law</a> enforced by the State as distinguished from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_law" target="_blank">the law enforced by private individuals or by the state on behalf of private individuals</a>.  State justice has taken the place of clan, feudal, merchant and  ecclesiastical justice due to its strength, skill and simplicity. One  very striking evidence of the superiority of the royal courts over the  feudal and popular courts in the matter of official skill is the fact  that, until comparatively late in history, the royal courts alone kept  written records of their proceedings. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_jury" target="_blank">trial by jury</a> was adopted by the Royal Courts, securing its popularity and making it a bulwark of liberty. By the time of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" target="_blank">Protestant Reformation</a>,  with the separation of Church and State, in the most progressive  countries, the State succeeded in dealing with the business of  administering justice.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics#cite_note-9" target="_blank">[9]</a> The state and legislation The making of laws was unknown to primitive societies. That most persistent of all patriarchal societies, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish" target="_blank">Jewish</a>, retains to a certain extent its tribal law in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentile" target="_blank">Gentile</a>  cities of the West. This tribal law is the rudimentary idea of law as  it presented itself to people in the patriarchal stage of society; it  was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convention_%28norm%29" target="_blank">custom</a> or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observance" target="_blank">observance</a> sanctioned by the approval and practice of ancestors.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank">citation needed</a>] The state of affairs which existed in the 10th century, when every  town had its own laws and nations like France, Germany, Spain and other  countries had no national law until the end of the 18th century, was  brought to an end by three great agencies that helped to create the  modern system of law and legislation:[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" target="_blank">citation needed</a>] <ol> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Records: From the early Middle Ages in Europe there come what  are called folk-laws and they appear exactly at the time when the  patriarchal was becoming the State. They are due almost universally to  one cause: the desire of the king to know the custom of his subjects.  These are not legislation in the sense of law-making but statements or  declarations of custom. They are drawn from a knowledge of the custom of  the people. Unwritten custom changes imperceptibly but not the written.  It is always possible to point to the exact text and show what it says.  Nevertheless, the written text can change by addition with every new  edition.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ol">Law Courts: By taking some general rule which seemed to be  common to all the communities and ignoring the differences, English  common law was modeled after such a practice so that the law became  common in all the districts of the kingdom. The reason why in the rest  of Europe, there was no common law till centuries later is because the  State in those countries did not get hold of the administration of  justice when England did. One of the shrewdest moves by which the  English judges pushed their plan of making a common law was by limiting  the verdict of the </li> </ol></blockquote>

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