භෞතික විද්යාව සහ ඉන් ඔබ්බට.... 1
භෞතික විද්යාව සහ ඉන් ඔබ්බට.... 1
In 1900, Max Planck postulated that the energy spectrum of black body radiation is quantized. Five years later, Albert Einstein introduced the notion of light quanta. Physicists realized that quantum ideas are essential to the understanding of atomic structures; classical physics is inadequate. It took two decades of intensive research and the fresh minds of a new generation that included Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, and Paul Dirac to develop nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics quickly became the basis of a large part of physics including atomic, molecular, and solid-state phenomena. However, in nuclear and high-energy physics, it is unsatisfactory because it is incompatible with the principle of special relativity advanced by Einstein in 1905.
Dirac founded quantum field theory by uniting quantum mechanics and special relativity. Quantum field theory met with many difficulties that were not solved until after the Second World War when a third generation of physicists from around the world established a satisfactory quantum field theory of the electromagnetic interaction. The extension of the theory to cover the nuclear interactions took another 25 years. During this process, gauge fields or fields with local symmetries, the idea of which first appeared in the general theory of relativity, became dominant. That research effort has yielded a bountiful harvest. Quantum field theory underlies the current standard model in elementary particle physics, through which our intellectual eyes behold both the microscopic structure of matter and the cosmic events occurring within split seconds of the Big Bang.
Despite the success of quantum theories, their philosophical interpretations have always been difficult and controversial. Richard Feynman said: "We always have had a great deal of difficulty in understanding the world view that quantum mechanics represents." Physicists do understand the quantum realm to a significant extent. Their understanding is manifested in the successful application of quantum theories to real-world problems. However, it is poorly articulated. The actions and writings of physicists tacitly uphold a world view rooted in practice and robust common sense. Physicists use subatomic particles as physical tools in laboratory experiments and components in commercial devices; the electronic industry is mainly based on the manipulation of the quantum world. In both technical papers and research proposals, physicists unambiguously assert that they are studying the microscopic structure of matter and the origin of the universe. Thus they uphold a commonsensically realistic view of the quantum world. The philosophical difficulty lies in articulating this world view and defending it against phenomenalist challenges.
භෞතික විද්යාව සහ ඉන් ඔබ්බට.... 1
In 1900, Max Planck postulated that the energy spectrum of black body radiation is quantized. Five years later, Albert Einstein introduced the notion of light quanta. Physicists realized that quantum ideas are essential to the understanding of atomic structures; classical physics is inadequate. It took two decades of intensive research and the fresh minds of a new generation that included Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schrodinger, and Paul Dirac to develop nonrelativistic quantum mechanics. Quantum mechanics quickly became the basis of a large part of physics including atomic, molecular, and solid-state phenomena. However, in nuclear and high-energy physics, it is unsatisfactory because it is incompatible with the principle of special relativity advanced by Einstein in 1905.
Dirac founded quantum field theory by uniting quantum mechanics and special relativity. Quantum field theory met with many difficulties that were not solved until after the Second World War when a third generation of physicists from around the world established a satisfactory quantum field theory of the electromagnetic interaction. The extension of the theory to cover the nuclear interactions took another 25 years. During this process, gauge fields or fields with local symmetries, the idea of which first appeared in the general theory of relativity, became dominant. That research effort has yielded a bountiful harvest. Quantum field theory underlies the current standard model in elementary particle physics, through which our intellectual eyes behold both the microscopic structure of matter and the cosmic events occurring within split seconds of the Big Bang.
Despite the success of quantum theories, their philosophical interpretations have always been difficult and controversial. Richard Feynman said: "We always have had a great deal of difficulty in understanding the world view that quantum mechanics represents." Physicists do understand the quantum realm to a significant extent. Their understanding is manifested in the successful application of quantum theories to real-world problems. However, it is poorly articulated. The actions and writings of physicists tacitly uphold a world view rooted in practice and robust common sense. Physicists use subatomic particles as physical tools in laboratory experiments and components in commercial devices; the electronic industry is mainly based on the manipulation of the quantum world. In both technical papers and research proposals, physicists unambiguously assert that they are studying the microscopic structure of matter and the origin of the universe. Thus they uphold a commonsensically realistic view of the quantum world. The philosophical difficulty lies in articulating this world view and defending it against phenomenalist challenges.
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