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Message: <blockquote data-quote="G.D.1.nirmal" data-source="post: 11519307" data-attributes="member: 80976"> Partition of India See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_India" target="_blank">Partition of India</a> While the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" target="_blank">Indian National Congress</a> and Gandhi called for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Empire" target="_blank">British</a> to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quit_India_Movement" target="_blank">quit India</a>, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" target="_blank">Muslim League</a> passed a resolution for them to divide and quit, in 1943.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-53" target="_blank">[54]</a>  Gandhi is believed to have been opposed to the partition during  independence and suggested an agreement which required the Congress and  Muslim League to cooperate and attain independence under a provisional  government, thereafter, the question of partition could be resolved by a  plebiscite in the districts with a Muslim majority.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-54" target="_blank">[55]</a> When <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" target="_blank">Jinnah</a> called for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" target="_blank">Direct Action</a>, on 16 August 1946, Gandhi was infuriated and visited the most riot prone areas to stop the massacres, personally.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-55" target="_blank">[56]</a> He made strong efforts to unite the Indian Hindus, Muslims and Christians and struggled for the emancipation of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untouchability" target="_blank">untouchables</a>" in Hindu society.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-T.C3.B8nnesson-56" target="_blank">[57]</a> On the 14 and 15 August 1947 the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" target="_blank">Indian Independence Act</a> was invoked and the following carnage witnessed a displacement of up to 12.5 million people in the former <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Indian_Empire" target="_blank">British Indian Empire</a> with an estimated loss of life varying from several hundred thousand to a million.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-57" target="_blank">[58]</a>  But for his teachings, the efforts of his followers, and his own  presence, there would have been much more bloodshed during the  partition, according to prominent Norwegian historian, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Arup_Seip" target="_blank">Jens Arup Seip</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-58" target="_blank">[59]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Wolpert" target="_blank">Stanley Wolpert</a>'s words sum up Gandhi's role and views on the partition perfectly: Their plan to carve up British India was never approved of or  accepted by Gandhi, however, who realised too late that his closest  comrades and disciples were more interested in power than principle, and  that his own vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the  struggle he led for India's freedom was a nonviolent one.— Stanley Wolpert, Gandhi's Passion, The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi, Oxford University Press Assassination See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination_of_Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi" target="_blank">Assassination of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi</a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gandhi_Memorial.jpg/220px-Gandhi_Memorial.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_Memorial.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_other_memorials" target="_blank">Raj Ghat</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi" target="_blank">Delhi</a> is a memorial to Mahatma Gandhi that marks the spot of his cremation    <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhis_ashes.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gandhis_ashes.jpg/220px-Gandhis_ashes.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhis_ashes.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> Gandhi's ashes at Aga Khan Palace (Pune, India)   On 30 January 1948, Gandhi was shot while he was walking to a  platform from which he was to address a prayer meeting. The assassin, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" target="_blank">Nathuram Godse</a>, was a Hindu nationalist with links to the extremist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" target="_blank">Hindu Mahasabha</a>, who held Gandhi responsible for weakening India by insisting upon a payment to Pakistan.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandhi1990472-59" target="_blank">[60]</a> Godse and his co-conspirator <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayan_Apte" target="_blank">Narayan Apte</a> were later tried and convicted; they were executed on 15 November 1949. Gandhi's memorial (or Samādhi) at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raj_Ghat_and_other_memorials" target="_blank">Rāj Ghāt</a>, New Delhi, bears the epigraph "Hē Ram", (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devanagari" target="_blank">Devanagari</a>: हे ! राम or, He <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama" target="_blank">Rām</a>),  which may be translated as "Oh God". These are widely believed to be  Gandhi's last words after he was shot, though the veracity of this  statement has been disputed.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-60" target="_blank">[61]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" target="_blank">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> addressed the nation through radio:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-61" target="_blank">[62]</a> "Friends and comrades, the light has gone out of our lives, and there  is darkness everywhere, and I do not quite know what to tell you or how  to say it. Our beloved leader, Bapu as we called him, the father of the  nation, is no more. Perhaps I am wrong to say that; nevertheless, we  will not see him again, as we have seen him for these many years, we  will not run to him for advice or seek solace from him, and that is a  terrible blow, not only for me, but for millions and millions in this  country."—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" target="_blank">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Light_Has_Gone_Out" target="_blank">address to Gandhi</a> Gandhi's ashes were poured into urns which were sent across India for memorial services. Most were immersed at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangam_at_Allahabad" target="_blank">Sangam at Allahabad</a> on 12 February 1948, but some were secretly taken away.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-62" target="_blank">[63]</a> In 1997, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Gandhi" target="_blank">Tushar Gandhi</a> immersed the contents of one urn, found in a bank vault and reclaimed through the courts, at the Sangam at Allahabad.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-62" target="_blank">[63]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-63" target="_blank">[64]</a>  Some of Gandhi's ashes were scattered at the source of the Nile River  near Jinja, Uganda, and a memorial plaque marks the event. On 30 January  2008, the contents of another urn were immersed at <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girgaum_Chowpatty" target="_blank">Girgaum Chowpatty</a> by the family after a Dubai-based businessman had sent it to a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai" target="_blank">Mumbai</a> museum.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-62" target="_blank">[63]</a> Another urn has ended up in a palace of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aga_Khan" target="_blank">Aga Khan</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune" target="_blank">Pune</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-62" target="_blank">[63]</a> (where he had been imprisoned from 1942 to 1944) and another in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-Realization_Fellowship_Lake_Shrine" target="_blank">Self-Realization Fellowship Lake Shrine</a> in Los Angeles.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-64" target="_blank">[65]</a>  The family is aware that these enshrined ashes could be misused for  political purposes, but does not want to have them removed because it  would entail breaking the shrines.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-Guardian-2008-ashes-62" target="_blank">[63]</a>  Principles, practices and beliefs See also: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandhism" target="_blank">Gandhism</a>  Truth & Satyagraha  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:God_is_Truth.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/God_is_Truth.jpg/220px-God_is_Truth.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:God_is_Truth.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> "God is truth. The way to truth lies through <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" target="_blank">ahimsa</a> (non-violence)"—<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabarmati" target="_blank">Sabarmati</a> 13 March 1927   Gandhi dedicated his life to the wider purpose of discovering <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" target="_blank">truth</a>, or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satya" target="_blank">Satya</a>. He tried to achieve this by learning from his own mistakes and conducting experiments on himself. He called his autobiography <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" target="_blank">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>. Gandhi stated that the most important battle to fight was overcoming  his own demons, fears, and insecurities. Gandhi summarised his beliefs  first when he said "God is Truth". He would later change this statement  to "Truth is God". Thus, Satya (Truth) in Gandhi's philosophy is "God". The essence of Satyagraha (lit. 'insistence/holding of truth') is  that it seeks to eliminate antagonisms without harming the antagonists  themselves and seeks to transform or “purify” it to a higher level. A  euphemism sometimes used for Satyagraha is that it is a “silent force”  or a “soul force” (a term also used by Martin Luther King Jr. during his  famous “<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" target="_blank">I Have a Dream</a>”  speech). It arms the individual with moral power rather than physical  power. Satyagraha is also termed a “universal force,” as it essentially  “makes no distinction between kinsmen and strangers, young and old, man  and woman, friend and foe.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-rules-65" target="_blank">[66]</a>  Gandiji wrote: “There must be no impatience, no barbarity, no  insolence, no undue pressure. If we want to cultivate a true spirit of  democracy, we cannot afford to be intolerant. Intolerance betrays want  of faith in one's cause.”<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-66" target="_blank">[67]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" target="_blank">Civil disobedience</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_disobedience" target="_blank">non-cooperation</a> as practised under Satyagraha are based on the “law of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffering" target="_blank">suffering</a>”,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-67" target="_blank">[68]</a> a doctrine that the endurance of suffering is a means to an end.  This end usually implies a moral upliftment or progress of an  individual or society. Therefore, non-cooperation in Satyagraha is in  fact a means to secure the cooperation of the opponent consistently with  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truth" target="_blank">truth</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justice" target="_blank">justice</a>.  Nonviolence Although Gandhi was not the originator of the principle of  non-violence, he was the first to apply it in the political field on a  large scale.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohandas_Karamchand_Gandhi#cite_note-68" target="_blank">[69]</a> The concept of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonviolence" target="_blank">nonviolence</a> (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahimsa" target="_blank">ahimsa</a>) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonresistance" target="_blank">nonresistance</a>  has a long history in Indian religious thought and has had many  revivals in Hindu, Buddhist, Jain, Jewish and Christian contexts. Gandhi  explains his philosophy and way of life in his autobiography <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Story_of_My_Experiments_with_Truth" target="_blank">The Story of My Experiments with Truth</a>. He was quoted as saying: "When I despair, I remember that all through history the way of truth  and love has always won. There have been tyrants and murderers and for a  time they seem invincible, but in the end, they always fall — think of  it, always." "What difference does it make to the dead, the orphans, and the  homeless, whether the mad destruction is wrought under the name of  totalitarianism or the holy name of liberty and democracy?" "An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind." "There are many causes that I am prepared to die for but no causes that I am prepared to kill for." <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_leper.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Gandhi_leper.jpg/220px-Gandhi_leper.jpg" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gandhi_leper.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.18/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a></blockquote>

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