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<blockquote data-quote="MaD-DoC" data-source="post: 1304549" data-attributes="member: 56284">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; IMPORTANT&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; DEFINITIONS and ORGANIC TERMINOLOGY&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; An&nbsp; alphabetical list of some terms used in organic reactions
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; abstraction:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; When one reacting species removes an atom/ion from another molecule,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; radical or ion. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; methyl radical abstracts a chlorine atom from a chlorine&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; molecule &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + Cl2 ==&gt; CH3Cl + .Cl&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (see mechanisms Part Ia)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or a water&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; molecule abstracting a proton from a protonated alcohol molecule &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; H2O&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + CH3CH2OH2+ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ==&gt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; H3O+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + CH3CH2OH&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part III)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Though&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; the phrase proton transfer&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; is more appropriate here.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; acylation:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The introduction of a R-C=O group into a molecule (R = alkyl&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or aryl).&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part IV)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; acylonium ion:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; A type of carbocation formed in the electrophilic substitution&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; alkylation of aromatic compounds &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. CH3-C+=O&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or CH3CO+&nbsp; where the positive&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; charge is carried on the carbon of the C=O bond. They are&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; formed e.g. in the aluminium chloride catalysed acylation of&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; aromatic compounds.&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part IV)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; activated&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; complex: An unstable&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or 'transient state' formed when two reactant particles collide with&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; sufficient kinetic energy in a reaction mechanism step. The&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; activated complex breaks down to give the products.&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part II)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">activation&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; energy Ea: The&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; minimum energy reacting particles must possess in order to form an&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 'activated complex' or transition state before forming the products.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Its the top of the hump on a reaction progress energy profile&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; diagram.&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part II) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">addition:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; The adding of one molecule to another with no other product, but not&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; necessarily in a single reaction step. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The molecule&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; is often added in two parts across e.g. a double bond &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; electrophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes: &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &gt;C=C&lt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + HX ==&gt; &gt;CH-CX&lt;&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part Ib)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; nucleophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; addition of hydrogen cyanide to aldehydes/ketones &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &gt;C=O&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + HCN ==&gt; &gt;C(OH)-CN&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part III)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; alkoxy &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; group: An alkyl-oxygen part of a molecule e.g. CH3CH2-O-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; is an ethoxy group. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; alkyl &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; group: A saturated section of a molecule derived from an alkane e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; -CH3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; methyl, -CH2CH3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ethyl, or -CH2CH2CH3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; propyl etc.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; arrows,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; use of in mechanisms: A half-arrow head means a single&nbsp; electron shift and a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; full arrow head shows an electron pair shift and used in the&nbsp; context of making or breaking bonds. Examples: 1. to 2. show single&nbsp; electron shifts and 4. to 6. show bond pair shifts. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ol>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse1.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The bonding pair of&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; electrons of the chlorine molecule is split between the two&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; chlorine atoms/radicals on homolytic bond fission in the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; initiation of a free radical chain reaction.&nbsp;&nbsp; (for 1.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; and 2. see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part Ia)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse2.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; One electron from each radical pairs up to form a C-Cl covalent&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; bond in a free radical chain termination step. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse3.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; A bond pair from the alkene is donated to a proton on the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; oxonium ion, H3O+, forming a C-H bond and&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; simultaneously the H-O bond pair moves completely on to the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; oxygen to form a lone pair of non-bonding electrons.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (see mechanisms Part Ib) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse4.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; A hydroxide ion, OH-, donates a lone pair of&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; non-bonding electrons to a carbon atom to form a C-OH bond and&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; simultaneously the C-Cl bond pair shifts to become a lone pair&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; of electrons on the chlorine atom as a chloride ion is formed.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (see mechanisms Part&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; II) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse5.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The cyanide ion, -CN, donates a lone pair of&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; electrons to form a C-N bond and simultaneously one of the C=O&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; bond pairs moves completely on to the oxygen to form a lone pair&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; of non-bonding electrons and giving the oxygen atom an overall&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; single positive charge.&nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part III) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse6.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The C-H bond pair shifts to complete the &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; ∏ &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; electrons of the benzene ring and simultaneously a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; hydrogensulphate ion donates a lone pair and forms an H-O bond&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; in forming a sulphuric acid molecule.&nbsp; &nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part IV) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ol></li>
</ul></blockquote>

[QUOTE="MaD-DoC, post: 1304549, member: 56284"] [CENTER][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=4] IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS and ORGANIC TERMINOLOGY[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [CENTER] [B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=3]An alphabetical list of some terms used in organic reactions[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][/CENTER] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]abstraction[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: When one reacting species removes an atom/ion from another molecule, radical or ion. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. a methyl radical abstracts a chlorine atom from a chlorine molecule [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]CH3. + Cl2 [/B]==>[B] CH3Cl + .Cl[/B] (see [B]mechanisms Part Ia[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]or a water molecule abstracting a proton from a protonated alcohol molecule [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]H2O + CH3CH2OH2+ [/B] ==>[B] H3O+ + CH3CH2OH[/B] (see [B] mechanisms Part III[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]Though the phrase [B]proton transfer[/B] is more appropriate here.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]acylation[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: The introduction of a [B]R-C=O[/B] group into a molecule (R = alkyl or aryl). (see [B] mechanisms Part IV[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]acylonium ion[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: A type of carbocation formed in the electrophilic substitution alkylation of aromatic compounds [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. [B] CH3-C+=O[/B] or [B]CH3CO+[/B] where the positive charge is carried on the carbon of the [B]C[/B]=O bond. They are formed e.g. in the aluminium chloride catalysed acylation of aromatic compounds. (see [B] mechanisms Part IV[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] activated[/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] complex[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An unstable or 'transient state' formed when two reactant particles collide with sufficient kinetic energy in a reaction mechanism step. The activated complex breaks down to give the products. (see [B] mechanisms Part II[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*][LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]activation energy Ea[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: The minimum energy reacting particles must possess in order to form an 'activated complex' or transition state before forming the products. Its the top of the hump on a reaction progress energy profile diagram. (see [B] mechanisms Part II[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*][LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]addition[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: The adding of one molecule to another with no other product, but not necessarily in a single reaction step. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]The molecule is often added in two parts across e.g. a double bond [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. [B] electrophilic[/B] addition of hydrogen halide to alkenes: [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]>[B]C=C<[/B] + [B]HX [/B] ==> >[B]CH-CX[/B]< (see [B] mechanisms Part Ib[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]or [B] nucleophilic[/B] addition of hydrogen cyanide to aldehydes/ketones [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]>[B]C=O[/B] + [B]HCN [/B]==>[B] >C(OH)-CN[/B] (see [B] mechanisms Part III[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]alkoxy [/SIZE][/FONT] [/B] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] group: An alkyl-oxygen part of a molecule e.g. [B]CH3CH2-O[/B]- is an ethoxy group. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]alkyl [/SIZE][/FONT] [/B] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] group: A saturated section of a molecule derived from an alkane e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]-[B]CH3 methyl[/B], -[B]CH2CH3 ethyl[/B], or -[B]CH2CH2CH3 propyl[/B] etc.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT] [B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]arrows[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2], [B] use of in mechanisms[/B]: A [B] half-arrow head means a single electron shift[/B] and a [B] full arrow head shows an electron pair shift[/B] and used in the context of [B]making or breaking bonds[/B]. Examples: 1. to 2. show single electron shifts and 4. to 6. show bond pair shifts. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST=1] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse1.gif[/IMG] [/SIZE] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]The bonding pair of electrons of the chlorine molecule is split between the two chlorine atoms/radicals on homolytic bond fission in the initiation of a free radical chain reaction. (for 1. and 2. see [B] mechanisms Part Ia[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse2.gif[/IMG] One electron from each radical pairs up to form a C-Cl covalent bond in a free radical chain termination step. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse3.gif[/IMG] A bond pair from the alkene is donated to a proton on the oxonium ion, H3O+, forming a C-H bond and simultaneously the H-O bond pair moves completely on to the oxygen to form a lone pair of non-bonding electrons. (see [B]mechanisms Part Ib[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse4.gif[/IMG] A hydroxide ion, OH-, donates a lone pair of non-bonding electrons to a carbon atom to form a C-OH bond and simultaneously the C-Cl bond pair shifts to become a lone pair of electrons on the chlorine atom as a chloride ion is formed. (see [B]mechanisms Part II[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse5.gif[/IMG] The cyanide ion, -CN, donates a lone pair of electrons to form a C-N bond and simultaneously one of the C=O bond pairs moves completely on to the oxygen to form a lone pair of non-bonding electrons and giving the oxygen atom an overall single positive charge. (see [B] mechanisms Part III[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/arrowuse6.gif[/IMG] The C-H bond pair shifts to complete the [/SIZE][/FONT] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] ∏ [/SIZE][/FONT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] electrons of the benzene ring and simultaneously a hydrogensulphate ion donates a lone pair and forms an H-O bond in forming a sulphuric acid molecule. (see [B] mechanisms Part IV[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [/QUOTE]

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