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<blockquote data-quote="MaD-DoC" data-source="post: 1304576" data-attributes="member: 56284">
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; electrophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; substitution: An&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; electrophilic reagent replaces an atom or group of atoms in another&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; molecule. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; nitration of benzene. C6H6 + HNO3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ==&gt; C6H5NO2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + H2O&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; where a H in the benzene ring replaced by NO2 via the electron pair accepting electrophile, the NO2+ ion. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; aromatic mechanisms)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; elimination &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; reaction: A small molecules is eliminated from a larger molecule, often by combining two fragments from adjacent atoms e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &gt;CH-C(OH)&lt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ==&gt; &gt;C=C&lt; + H2O (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; alcohol mechanisms)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &gt;CH-C(Br)&lt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + KOH ==&gt; &gt;C=C&lt; + H2O + KBr (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; halogenoalkane mechanisms)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; free radical:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; An atom or fragment of a molecule with an unpaired electron, often&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; shown by a dot. (see alkane&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mechanisms) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; They are&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; usually highly reactive species e.g. a chlorine atom Cl.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or a methyl radical CH3. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; functional&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; group:&nbsp; (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; summary of functional groups) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; heterolytic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; bond fission: see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; bond fission &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; homolytic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; bond fission: see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; bond fission &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; hydrolysis: A reaction, usually in aqueous media, between one molecule and water/acid/alkali which leads to the formation of at least two products e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; the tertiary halogenoalkane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, reacts with water to form 2-methylpropan-2-ol and hydrochloric acid. (see halogenoalkane&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mechanisms) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (CH3)3C-Cl&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + 2H2O ==&gt; (CH3)3C-OH&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + H3O+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + Cl-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The ester methyl ethanoate forms sodium ethanoate and methanol when refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3COOCH3&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + NaOH ==&gt; CH3COONa + CH3OH&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">Aliphatic acid/acyl chlorides readily hydrolyse back to the parent carboxylic acid with water. (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part III)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; RCOCl&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + 2H2O ==&gt; RCOOH + H3O+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + Cl-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; initiation&nbsp; step: The name of the 1st step in a reaction mechanism sequence. The term is usually applied to the 1st step in free radical chain reactions, when the initial radicals are formed. (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; alkane mechanisms) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. in the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; chlorination of methane the 1st step is: Cl2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ==hv==&gt;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 2.Cl when a uv&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; photon splits the chlorine molecule&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or an&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; organic peroxide splitting on heated to give two alkoxy radicals&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; : RO-OR ==&gt; 2RO. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; isomeric&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; products: This means&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; two or more products from the same reaction which have the same&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; molecular formula but different molecular structure (positional&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; isomerism/isomerizm). [see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; detailed notes on ISOMERISM] &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; This can happen when e.g. an unsymmetrical reagent like HX adds to an unsymmetrical alkene, because you can theoretically add H-X or X-H across a R2C=CR'2 double bond where R and R' are different e.g. with hydrogen bromide &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; R2C=CR'2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + HBr ==&gt;{R2CH-CBrR'2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; R2CBr-CHR'2}&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Lewis acid:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; An atom, ion or molecule that can accept a pair of electrons to form&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a bond. Electrophiles&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; are Lewis acids. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. organic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; reaction examples include Br+, CH3+,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or the polar Hδ+-Brδ- and&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Hδ+-Oδ-SO2OH&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (H2SO4)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Lewis base:&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; An atom, ion or molecule that can donate a pair of electrons to form&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; a bond. Nucleophiles are Lewis&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; bases.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Markownikoff Rule &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (Markownikov/Markovnikov): This is a rule that predicts the orientation of electrophilic addition of an electrophile like Hδ+Brδ-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Iδ+Clδ+&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (in general lets call it Wδ+-Xδ-)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; to a non-symmetrical alkene and it can be expressed in&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; several ways (see alkene&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mechanisms) e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The negative&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; part of the addendum, Wδ+-Xδ-, attaches itself to the carbon atom of the double bond which initially has the least hydrogen atoms bonded it to it.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; So for an&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; non-symmetrical alkene like propene, you would expect the&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; majority reaction to be ... &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3CH=CH2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; + W-X&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ==&gt; CH3CHX-CH2W&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; (much less of CH3CHW-CH2X, as you cannot assume zero probability of forming the other isomeric product!) &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul>
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanism: A detailed step by step representation of how a reaction actually takes place and is far more complicated that the 'usual' stoichiometric equation! (lots of examples of &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; organic mechanisms)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; molecularity&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; : This can mean several&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; things unfortunately and is frankly confusing at times.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ol>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; The number of species involved in a chemical change or reaction step. Since most reactions occur via one or more steps involving bimolecular collisions, so the molecularity is often 2.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ol">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; Some reactions, whose rate depends on just one reactant are described as 'unimolecular' or if the reaction depends on two reactant concentrations it may be described as 'bimolecular'. The use of the 'molecularity' here has more to do with kinetic studies of reactions (e.g. the nucleophilic substitutions of halogenoalkanes, see SN1&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; and SN2).&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ol></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; non-polar&nbsp; bond: A bond where the to atoms&nbsp; have similar electronegativities and the bonding pair of electrons is 'equally&nbsp; shared'. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. C-H,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; C-C, C-P etc. (see Pauling&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; electronegativity scale above)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; non-symmetrical/unsymmetrical&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; alkene: An alkene in&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; which the groups attached to each carbon of the double bond are NOT&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; identical. (see alkene&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; mechanisms) e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; propene &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3-CH=CH2, methylpropene (CH3)2C=CH2&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or but-1-ene CH2=CH-CH2-CH3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; If an&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; unsymmetrical reagent e.g. HX is added, two isomeric&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; products&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; can be formed.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. CH3-CH2-CH2X&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or CH3-CHX-CH3 from propene.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; nucleophile: An 'reagent' electron pair donor (Lewis base) that will 'attack' an electron deficient part of a molecule e.g. the 'positive' of polarised bonds Wδ+Xδ-,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; in halogenoalkanes C-X, or aldehydes/ketones &gt;C=O or&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; acyl (acid) chlorides RCOCl &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g.&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; hydroxide ion :OH-, ammonia :NH3,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; ethanol CH3CH2OH, water H2O:,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; cyanide ion :CN-&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; nucleophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; addition: An&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; nucleophilic reagent adds to a molecule (without any elimination).&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; (see&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; aldehyde/ketone mechanisms)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; e.g. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. ethanol&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; reacts with cyanide ions (the nucleophile) to form a&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; hydroxynitrile &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3CHO&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + HCN ==&gt; CH3C(OH)CN &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; nucleophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; addition-elimination: A nucleophilic reagent adds to another molecule and then a small molecule is eliminated to give the final product. &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; e.g. ethanoyl chloride reacts with methanol to make methyl ethanoate and hydrogen chloride is eliminated in the process. The electron pair (on the oxygen) donating nucleophile is methanol. (see &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; mechanisms Part III)&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; CH3COCl&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; + CH3OH ==&gt; CH3COOCH3 +&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; HCl &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
</li>
</ul></li>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; nucleophilic&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; attack: The interaction of a nucleophile reagent (electron pair donor) interacting with an electron pair acceptor prior to forming the products of that mechanism step e.g. 'attacks' on ...&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
<ul>
<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack11.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> or <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack13.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; or&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack14.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Halogenoalkanes - 3 examples&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
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<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack12.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack16.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Aldehydes and ketones - 2 examples&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
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<li data-xf-list-type="ul">&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack15.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; or <img src="http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack17.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Acyl chlorides - 2 examples&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;&nbsp; 
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</ul></li>
</ul></blockquote>

[QUOTE="MaD-DoC, post: 1304576, member: 56284"] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]electrophilic substitution[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An electrophilic reagent replaces an atom or group of atoms in another molecule. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. the nitration of benzene. [B]C6H6 + HNO3[/B] ==> [B]C6H5NO2 + H2O[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]where a H in the benzene ring replaced by NO2 via the electron pair accepting electrophile, the NO2+ ion. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2](see [B] aromatic mechanisms[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]elimination [/SIZE][/FONT] [/B] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] reaction: A small molecules is eliminated from a larger molecule, often by combining two fragments from adjacent atoms e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] >[B]CH-C(OH)[/B]< ==> >[B]C=C[/B]< + [B]H2O[/B] (see [B] alcohol mechanisms[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] >[B]CH-C(Br)[/B]< + KOH ==> >[B]C=C[/B]< + [B] H[/B]2O + K[B]Br[/B] (see [B] halogenoalkane mechanisms[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]free radical[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An atom or fragment of a molecule with an unpaired electron, often shown by a dot. (see [B]alkane mechanisms[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]They are usually highly reactive species e.g. a chlorine atom [B]Cl[COLOR=#ff0000].[/COLOR][/B] or a methyl radical [B]CH3[COLOR=#ff0000]. [/COLOR][/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]functional group[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: (see [B] summary of functional groups[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]heterolytic bond fission[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: see [B] bond fission[/B] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]homolytic bond fission[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: see [B] bond fission[/B] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]hydrolysis[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: A reaction, usually in aqueous media, between one molecule and water/acid/alkali which leads to the formation of at least two products e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]the tertiary halogenoalkane 2-chloro-2-methylpropane, reacts with water to form 2-methylpropan-2-ol and hydrochloric acid. (see [B]halogenoalkane mechanisms[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2](CH3)3C-Cl + 2H2O [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]==>[B] (CH3)3C-OH + H3O+ + Cl-[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]The ester methyl ethanoate forms sodium ethanoate and methanol when refluxed with aqueous sodium hydroxide. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]CH3COOCH3 + NaOH [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]==>[B] CH3COONa + CH3OH[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*][LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]Aliphatic acid/acyl chlorides readily hydrolyse back to the parent carboxylic acid with water. (see [B] mechanisms Part III[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]RCOCl + 2H2O [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]==>[B] RCOOH + H3O+ + Cl-[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT] [B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]initiation step[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: The name of the 1st step in a reaction mechanism sequence. The term is usually applied to the 1st step in free radical chain reactions, when the initial radicals are formed. (see [B] alkane mechanisms[/B]) [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. in the chlorination of methane the 1st step is: [B]Cl2 [/B] ==[I]hv[/I]==>[B] 2[COLOR=#ff0000].[/COLOR]Cl[/B] when a uv photon splits the chlorine molecule[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]or an organic peroxide splitting on heated to give two alkoxy radicals : [B]RO-OR [/B]==>[B] 2RO[COLOR=#ff0000].[/COLOR][/B] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]isomeric products[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: This means two or more products from the same reaction which have the [B] same molecular formula but different molecular structure[/B] (positional isomerism/isomerizm). [see [B] detailed notes on ISOMERISM[/B]] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]This can happen when e.g. an unsymmetrical reagent like HX adds to an unsymmetrical alkene, because you can theoretically add H-X or X-H across a R2C=CR'2 double bond where R and R' are different e.g. with hydrogen bromide [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] [B]R2C=CR'2 + HBr [/B]==>{[B]R2CH-CBrR'2[/B] or [B]R2CBr-CHR'2[/B]}[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]Lewis acid[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An atom, ion or molecule that can accept a pair of electrons to form a bond. [B]Electrophiles[/B] are Lewis acids. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. organic reaction examples include[B] Br+[/B], [B]CH3+[/B], or the polar [B]H[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+-Br[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-[/B] and [B]H[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+-O[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-SO2OH[/B] (H2SO4)[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]Lewis base[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An atom, ion or molecule that can donate a pair of electrons to form a bond. [B]Nucleophiles[/B] are Lewis bases.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][B][SIZE=2] Markownikoff Rule [/SIZE][/B] [SIZE=2] (Markownikov/Markovnikov): This is a rule that predicts the orientation of electrophilic addition of an electrophile like [B]H[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+Br[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-[/B] or [B] I[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+Cl[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+[/B] (in general lets call it [B] W[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+-X[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-[/B]) to a [B] non-symmetrical alkene[/B] and it can be expressed in several ways (see [B]alkene mechanisms[/B]) e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]The negative part of the addendum, [B] W[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+-X[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-[/B], attaches itself to the carbon atom of the double bond which initially has the least hydrogen atoms bonded it to it.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]So for an non-symmetrical alkene like propene, you would expect the majority reaction to be ... [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][B][SIZE=2] CH3CH=CH2 + W-X [/SIZE][/B] [SIZE=2] ==>[B] CH3CHX-CH2W [/B] [/SIZE] [SIZE=2](much less of CH3CHW-CH2X, as you cannot assume zero probability of forming the other isomeric product!) [/SIZE] [/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST][LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]mechanism[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: A detailed step by step representation of how a reaction actually takes place and is far more complicated that the 'usual' stoichiometric equation! (lots of examples of [B] organic mechanisms[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]molecularity[/SIZE][/FONT] [/B] [FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] : This can mean several things unfortunately and is frankly confusing at times.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST=1] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]The number of species involved in a chemical change or reaction step. Since most reactions occur via one or more steps involving bimolecular collisions, so the molecularity is often 2.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]Some reactions, whose rate depends on just one reactant are described as 'unimolecular' or if the reaction depends on two reactant concentrations it may be described as 'bimolecular'. The use of the 'molecularity' here has more to do with kinetic studies of reactions (e.g. the nucleophilic substitutions of halogenoalkanes, see [B]SN1[/B] and [B]SN2[/B]).[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT] [B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]non-polar bond[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: A bond where the to atoms have similar electronegativities and the bonding pair of electrons is 'equally shared'. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. C-H, C-C, C-P etc. (see [B]Pauling electronegativity[/B] scale above)[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] non-symmetrical/unsymmetrical alkene[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An alkene in which the groups attached to each carbon of the double bond are NOT identical. (see [B]alkene mechanisms[/B]) e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]propene [B] CH3-CH=CH2[/B], methylpropene [B](CH3)2C=CH2[/B] or but-1-ene [B]CH2=CH-CH2-CH3[/B] [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]If an unsymmetrical reagent e.g. [B]HX[/B] is added, [B]two isomeric products[/B] can be formed.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. [B]CH3-CH2-CH2X[/B] or [B]CH3-CHX-CH3[/B] from propene.[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][B][SIZE=2] nucleophile[/SIZE][/B][SIZE=2]: An 'reagent' electron pair donor (Lewis base) that will 'attack' an electron deficient part of a molecule e.g. the 'positive' of polarised bonds [B]W[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]+X[/B][/SIZE][/FONT][SIZE=2][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS]δ[/FONT][/B][/SIZE][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]-[/B], in halogenoalkanes [B]C-X[/B], or aldehydes/ketones >[B]C=O [/B]or acyl (acid) chlorides R[B]CO[/B]Cl [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. hydroxide ion :[B]OH-[/B], ammonia [B]:NH3[/B], ethanol [B]CH3CH2OH[/B], water [B]H2O:[/B], cyanide ion [B]:CN-[/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]nucleophilic addition[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: An nucleophilic reagent adds to a molecule (without any elimination). (see [B]aldehyde/ketone mechanisms[/B]) e.g. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. ethanol reacts with [B]cyanide ions[/B] (the nucleophile) to form a hydroxynitrile [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2][B]CH3CHO + HCN [/B]==>[B] CH3C(OH)CN [/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]nucleophilic addition-elimination[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: A nucleophilic reagent adds to another molecule and then a small molecule is eliminated to give the final product. [/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]e.g. ethanoyl chloride reacts with methanol to make methyl ethanoate and hydrogen chloride is eliminated in the process. The electron pair (on the oxygen) donating nucleophile is methanol. (see [B] mechanisms Part III[/B])[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]CH3COCl + CH3OH [/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]==>[B] CH3COOCH3 + HCl [/B][/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]nucleophilic attack[/SIZE][/FONT][/B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2]: The interaction of a nucleophile reagent (electron pair donor) interacting with an electron pair acceptor prior to forming the products of that mechanism step e.g. 'attacks' on ...[/SIZE][/FONT] [/LEFT] [LIST] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack11.gif[/IMG] or [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack13.gif[/IMG] or [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack14.gif[/IMG] Halogenoalkanes - 3 examples[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack12.gif[/IMG] or [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack16.gif[/IMG] Aldehydes and ketones - 2 examples[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [/LEFT] [*] [LEFT][B][FONT=Comic Sans MS][SIZE=2] [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack15.gif[/IMG] or [IMG]http://www.docbrown.info/page15/attack17.gif[/IMG] Acyl chlorides - 2 examples[/SIZE][/FONT][/B] [/LEFT] [/LIST] [/LIST] [/QUOTE]

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