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Message: <blockquote data-quote="AtulaSiriwardane" data-source="post: 5427369" data-attributes="member: 120286">An advance-fee fraud is a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confidence_trick" target="_blank">confidence trick</a> in which the target is persuaded to advance sums of money in the hope of realizing a significantly larger gain.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-0" target="_blank">[1]</a> This scam usually begins with a letter or e-mail<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-SnopesNigerianScam-7" target="_blank">[8]</a> purportedly sent to a selected recipient but actually sent to many, making an offer that would result in a large payoff for the victim. The e-mail's subject line often says something like "From the desk of Mr. [Name]", "Your assistance is needed", and so on. The details vary, but the usual story is that a person, often a government or bank employee, knows of a large amount of unclaimed money or gold which he cannot access directly, usually because he has no right to it. Such people, who may be real but impersonated people or fictitious characters played by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Con_artist" target="_blank">con artist</a>, could include the wife or son of a deposed African or Indonesian leader or <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictator" target="_blank">dictator</a> who has amassed a stolen fortune, or a bank employee who knows of a terminally ill wealthy person with no relatives or a wealthy foreigner who deposited money in the bank just before dying in a plane crash (leaving no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_%28law%29" target="_blank">will</a> or known <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_of_kin" target="_blank">next of kin</a>),<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-21" target="_blank">[22]</a> a US soldier who has stumbled upon a hidden cache of gold in Iraq, a business being audited by the government, a disgruntled worker or corrupt government official who has embezzled funds, a refugee,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-22" target="_blank">[23]</a> and similar characters. The money could be in the form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_as_an_investment" target="_blank">gold bullion</a>, gold dust, money in a bank account, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_diamonds" target="_blank">blood diamonds</a>, a series of cheques or bank drafts, and so forth. The sums involved are usually in the millions of dollars, and the investor is promised a large share, typically ten to forty percent, if they assist the scam character in retrieving the money. Whilst the vast majority of recipients do not respond to these e-mails, a very small percentage do, enough to make the fraud worthwhile as many millions of messages can be sent. Invariably sums of money which are substantial, but very much smaller than the promised profits, are said to be required in advance for bribes, fees, etc.—this is the money being stolen from the victim, who thinks he or she is investing to make a huge profit.<ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">29-year old George Makronalli, a Greek man, was murdered in South Africa in December 2004 after responding to a 419 scam.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-News24murder-30" target="_blank">[31]</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Kjetil Moe, a Norwegian businessman, was reported missing and ultimately killed after a trade with Nigerian scammers in Johannesburg, South Africa (September 1999).<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-58" target="_blank">[59]</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">One American was murdered in Nigeria in June 1995 after being lured by a 419 scam.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-59" target="_blank">[60]</a> From 1994 to April 1997, 419 scammers murdered 15 people in total.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#cite_note-StateDeptPaper-29" target="_blank">[30]</a></li> </ul>Read more <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Implementation" target="_blank">1 Implementation</a> <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Common_elements" target="_blank">2 Common elements</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Fake_cheques" target="_blank">2.1 Fake cheques</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Wire_transfer" target="_blank">2.2 Wire transfer</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Anonymous_communication" target="_blank">2.3 Anonymous communication</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Web-based_e-mail" target="_blank">2.3.1 Web-based e-mail</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#E-mail_hijacking.2Ffriend_scams" target="_blank">2.3.2 E-mail hijacking/friend scams</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Fax_transmissions" target="_blank">2.3.3 Fax transmissions</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Telecommunications_relay_services" target="_blank">2.3.4 Telecommunications relay services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Fake_websites" target="_blank">2.4 Fake websites</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Invitation_to_visit_the_country" target="_blank">2.5 Invitation to visit the country</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Followup_scamming" target="_blank">2.6 Followup scamming</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Variants" target="_blank">3 Variants</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Purchasing_goods_and_services" target="_blank">3.1 Purchasing goods and services</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Check_cashing" target="_blank">3.2 Check cashing</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Romance_angle" target="_blank">3.3 Romance angle</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Lottery_scam" target="_blank">3.4 Lottery scam</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Hitman" target="_blank">3.5 Hitman</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Bomb_scams" target="_blank">3.6 Bomb scams</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Charity_scams" target="_blank">3.7 Charity scams</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Fraud_recovery_scams" target="_blank">3.8 Fraud recovery scams</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Pet_scams" target="_blank">3.9 Pet scams</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Craigslist" target="_blank">3.10 Craigslist</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Bona_vacantia" target="_blank">3.11 Bona vacantia</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Fake_Job_Offer" target="_blank">3.12 Fake Job Offer</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Consequences" target="_blank">4 Consequences</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Monetary_loss_estimates" target="_blank">4.1 Monetary loss estimates</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Physical_harm_or_death" target="_blank">4.2 Physical harm or death</a><ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Kidnapping" target="_blank">4.2.1 Kidnapping</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Murder" target="_blank">4.2.2 Murder</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Emotional_harm" target="_blank">4.3 Emotional harm</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Arrests" target="_blank">4.4 Arrests</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Victim_becoming_a_criminal" target="_blank">4.5 Victim becoming a criminal</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Scam_baiting" target="_blank">4.6 Scam baiting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Terms_used_by_419-scammers" target="_blank">5 Terms used by 419-scammers</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Popular_culture_references" target="_blank">6 Popular culture references</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#See_also" target="_blank">7 See also</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#References" target="_blank">8 References</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#Books" target="_blank">9 Books</a></li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advance-fee_fraud#External_links" target="_blank">10 External links</a></li> </ul></blockquote>

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