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Message: <blockquote data-quote="GAC" data-source="post: 10271488" data-attributes="member: 224361"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_95_logo.svg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Windows_95_logo.svg/220px-Windows_95_logo.svg.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_95_logo.svg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_95_logo.svg" target="_blank"></a>      <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Am_windows95_desktop.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/90/Am_windows95_desktop.png/220px-Am_windows95_desktop.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Am_windows95_desktop.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.17/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a> Screenshot of Windows 95    <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95" target="_blank"></a>  After <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_3.1x" target="_blank">Windows 3.11</a>,  Microsoft began to develop a new consumer oriented version of the  operating system codenamed Chicago. Chicago was designed to have support  for 32-bit preemptive multitasking like OS/2 and Windows NT, although a  16-bit kernel would remain for the sake of backward compatibility. The  Win32 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interface" target="_blank">API</a>  first introduced with Windows NT was adopted as the standard 32-bit  programming interface, with Win16 compatibility being preserved through a  technique known as "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thunk_%28compatibility_mapping%29" target="_blank">thunking</a>".  A new GUI was not originally planned as part of the release, although  elements of the Cairo user interface were borrowed and added as other  aspects of the release (notably Plug and Play) slipped.  Microsoft did not change all of the Windows code to 32-bit; parts of it remained 16-bit (albeit not directly using <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_mode" target="_blank">real mode</a>)  for reasons of compatibility, performance, and development time.  Additionally it was necessary to carry over design decisions from  earlier versions of Windows for reasons of backwards compatibility, even  if these design decisions no longer matched a more modern computing  environment. These factors eventually began to impact the operating  system's efficiency and stability.  Microsoft marketing adopted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_95" target="_blank">Windows 95</a>  as the product name for Chicago when it was released on August 24,  1995. Microsoft had a double gain from its release: first, it made it  impossible for consumers to run Windows 95 on a cheaper, non-Microsoft  DOS; secondly, although traces of DOS were never completely removed from  the system and a version of DOS would be loaded briefly as a part of  the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booting" target="_blank">booting</a> process, Windows 95 applications ran solely in 386 enhanced mode, with a flat 32-bit address space and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_memory" target="_blank">virtual memory</a>. These features make it possible for Win32 applications to address up to 2 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigabyte" target="_blank">gigabytes</a>  of virtual RAM (with another 2 GB reserved for the operating system),  and in theory prevented them from inadvertently corrupting the memory  space of other Win32 applications. In this respect the functionality of  Windows 95 moved closer to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT" target="_blank">Windows NT</a>, although Windows 95/98/ME did not support more than 512 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megabyte" target="_blank">megabytes</a> of physical RAM without obscure system tweaks.  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM" target="_blank">IBM</a>  continued to market OS/2, producing later versions in OS/2 3.0 and 4.0  (also called Warp). Responding to complaints about OS/2 2.0's high  demands on computer hardware, version 3.0 was significantly optimized  both for speed and size. Before Windows 95 was released, OS/2 Warp 3.0  was even shipped preinstalled with several large German hardware vendor  chains. However, with the release of Windows 95, OS/2 began to lose  market share.  It is probably impossible to choose one specific reason why OS/2  failed to gain much market share. While OS/2 continued to run Windows  3.1 applications, it lacked support for anything but the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Win32s" target="_blank">Win32s</a>  subset of Win32 API (see above). Unlike with Windows 3.1, IBM did not  have access to the source code for Windows 95 and was unwilling to  commit the time and resources to emulate the moving target of the Win32  API. IBM later introduced OS/2 into the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft" target="_blank">United States v. Microsoft</a> case, blaming unfair marketing tactics on Microsoft's part.  Microsoft went on to release five different versions of Windows 95:  <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 95 - original release</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 95 A - included Windows 95 OSR1 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slipstream_%28computing%29" target="_blank">slipstreamed</a> into the installation.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 95 B - (OSR2) included several major enhancements, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" target="_blank">Internet Explorer</a> (IE) 3.0 and full <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" target="_blank">FAT32</a> file system support.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 95 B USB - (OSR2.1) included basic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" target="_blank">USB</a> support.</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 95 C - (OSR2.5) included all the above features, plus IE 4.0. This was the last 95 version produced.</li> </ul>  OSR2, OSR2.1, and OSR2.5 were not released to the general public; rather, they were available only to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" target="_blank">OEMs</a>  that would preload the OS onto computers. Some companies sold new hard  drives with OSR2 preinstalled (officially justifying this as needed due  to the hard drive's capacity).  The first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Plus%21" target="_blank">Microsoft Plus!</a> add-on pack was sold for Windows 95.  Windows NT 4.0   <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NT4_logo.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/NT4_logo.png/220px-NT4_logo.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NT4_logo.png" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NT4_logo.png" target="_blank"></a>     <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_NT_4.0" target="_blank"></a>  Microsoft released Windows NT 4.0 to manufacturing in July 1996, one  year after the release of Windows 95. Major new features included the  new Explorer shell from Windows 95, scalability and feature improvements  to the core <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_Windows_NT" target="_blank">architecture</a>, kernel, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_USER" target="_blank">USER32</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Component_Object_Model" target="_blank">COM</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MSRPC" target="_blank">MSRPC</a>.  Windows NT 4.0 came in four versions:  <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows NT 4.0 Workstation</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows NT 4.0 Server</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows NT 4.0 Server, Enterprise Edition (includes support for 8-way <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" target="_blank">SMP</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluster_%28computing%29" target="_blank">clustering</a>)</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows NT 4.0 Terminal Server</li> </ul>  Windows 98   <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_98_logo.svg" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Windows_98_logo.svg/220px-Windows_98_logo.svg.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>  <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_98_logo.svg" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_98_logo.svg" target="_blank"></a>      <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows98.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/00/Windows98.png/220px-Windows98.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>   On 25 June 1998, Microsoft released Windows 98 (codenamed Memphis). It included new hardware drivers and better support for the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" target="_blank">FAT32</a> file system which allows support for disk partitions larger than the 2 GB maximum accepted by Windows 95. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB" target="_blank">USB</a> support in Windows 98 is far superior to the token, unreliable support provided by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_equipment_manufacturer" target="_blank">OEM</a> editions of Windows 95. It also controversially integrated the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Explorer" target="_blank">Internet Explorer</a> browser into the Windows GUI and Windows Explorer file manager, prompting the opening of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_v._Microsoft" target="_blank">United States v. Microsoft</a>  case, dealing with the question of whether Microsoft was abusing its  hold on the PC operating system market to unfairly compete with  companies such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netscape" target="_blank">Netscape</a>.  In 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an interim  release. One of the more notable new features was the addition of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Connection_Sharing" target="_blank">Internet Connection Sharing</a>, which was a form of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation" target="_blank">network address translation</a>, allowing several machines on a LAN (Local Area Network) to share a single <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_connection" target="_blank">Internet connection</a>.  Second Edition was also much easier to use and much smoother than the  first edition of Windows 98. Hardware support through device drivers was  increased. Many minor problems present in the original Windows 98 were  found and fixed which make it, according to many, the most stable  release of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_9x" target="_blank">Windows 9x</a> family—to the extent that commentators used to say that Windows 98's <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_version" target="_blank">beta version</a> was more stable than Windows 95's final (gamma) version.  Windows 2000   <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Windows_2000.png" target="_blank"><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Windows_2000.png/220px-Windows_2000.png" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>   Microsoft released Windows 2000, known during its development cycle  as Windows NT 5.0, in February 2000. It was successfully deployed both  on the server and the workstation markets. Amongst Windows 2000's most  significant new features was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_Directory" target="_blank">Active Directory</a>, a near-complete replacement of the NT 4.0 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Server_domain" target="_blank">Windows Server domain</a> model, which built on industry-standard technologies like <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" target="_blank">DNS</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" target="_blank">LDAP</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerberos_%28protocol%29" target="_blank">Kerberos</a> to connect machines to one another. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_Services" target="_blank">Terminal Services</a>,  previously only available as a separate edition of NT 4, was expanded  to all server versions. A number of features from Windows 98 were  incorporated also, such as an improved Device Manager, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Media_Player" target="_blank">Windows Media Player</a>, and a revised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DirectX" target="_blank">DirectX</a>  that made it possible for the first time for many modern games to work  on the NT kernel. Windows 2000 is also the last NT-kernel Windows  operating system to lack <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windows_Product_Activation" target="_blank">Product Activation</a>.  While Windows 2000 upgrades were available for Windows 95 and Windows 98, it was not intended for home users.  Windows 2000 was available in six editions:  <ul> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Professional</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Server</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Advanced Server</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Datacenter Server</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Advanced Server Limited Edition</li> <li data-xf-list-type="ul">Windows 2000 Datacenter Server Limited Edition</li> </ul></blockquote>

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