Third-Party Published Research on Quinine
All available third-party research on quinine can be found at PubMed. A partial listing of the published research on quinine is shown below:
Anti-Parasitic & Antimalarial Actions:
Willcox, M. "Improved traditional phytomedicines in current use for the clinical treatment of malaria." Planta Med. 2011 Apr;77(6):662-71.
Kumura, N., et al. "Synthesis and biological activity of fatty acid derivatives of quinine." Biosci. Biotechnol. Biochem. 2005; 69(11): 2250-3.
Bertani, S., et al. "Evaluation of French Guiana traditional antimalarial remedies." J. Ethnopharmacol. 2005 Apr 8; 98(1-2): 45-54.
Kanda, E., et al. "A female patient with malarial nephropathy." Clin. Exp. Nephrol. 2004 Dec; 8(4): 359-62.
Pukrittayakamee, S., et al. "Quinine pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships in uncomplicated falciparum malaria." Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 2003; 47(11): 3458-63.
Warhurst, D. C., et al. "The relationship of physico-chemical properties and structure to the differential antiplasmodial activity of the cinchona alkaloids." Malar. J. 2003 Sep 1; 2: 26.
Pussard, E., et al. "Quinine distribution in mice with Plasmodium berghei malaria." Eur. J. Drug Metab. Pharmacokinet. 2003 Jan-Mar; 28(1): 11-20.
Vieira, J. L., et al. "Drug monitoring of quinine in men with nonsevere falciparum malaria: study in the Amazon region of Brazil." Ther. Drug Monit. 2001 Dec; 23(6): 612-5.
Aviado, D. M., et al. "Antimalarial and antiarrhythmic activity of plant extracts." Medicina Experimentalis—International Journal of Experimental Medicine 1969; 19(20), 79-94.
Anti-viral Actions:
Devaux, C., et al. "New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?" Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2020 Mar 11: 105938.
Yao, X., et al. "In Vitro Antiviral Activity and Projection of Optimized Dosing Design of Hydroxychloroquine for the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)." Clin. Infect. Dis. 2020 Mar 9. pii: ciaa237.
Malakar, S., et al. "Drug repurposing of quinine as antiviral against dengue virus infection." Virus Res. 2018 Aug; 255: 171-178.
Wang, L., et al. "Hydroxychloroquine-inhibited dengue virus is associated with host defense machinery." J. Interferon Cytokine Res. 2015 Mar; 35(3): 143-56.
Bhushan, P. et al. "Complete clearance of cutaneous warts with hydroxychloroquine: antiviral action?" Indian J. Dermatol. 2014 Mar; 59(2): 211.
Baroni, A., et al. "Antiviral effects of quinine sulfate on HSV-1 HaCat cells infected: analysis of the molecular mechanisms involved." J. Dermatol. Sci. 2007 Sep; 47(3): 253-5.
Rolain, J., et al. "Recycling of chloroquine and its hydroxyl analogue to face bacterial, fungal and viral infections in the 21st century." Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents. 2007 Oct; 30(4): 297-308.
Savarino, A., et al. "New insights into the antiviral effects of chloroquine." Lancet Infect. Dis. 2006 Feb; 6(2): 67-9.
Bitter Digestive Actions:
Hui, G., et al. "Sweet and bitter tastants specific detection by the taste cell-based sensor." Biosens Bioelectron. 2012 May 15;35(1):429-38.
Zhao, X., et al. "Fos positive neurons in the brain stem and amygdala mostly express vesicular glutamate transporter 3 after bitter taste stimulation." Brain Res. 2012 Mar 22;1445:20-9.
Singh, N., et al. "Functional bitter taste receptors are expressed in brain cells." Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2011 Mar 4;406(1):146-51.
Yeomans, M. R. "Olfactory influences on appetite and satiety in humans." Physiol. Behav. 2006 Aug; 89(1): 10-4.
Kozlov, A. P., et al. "Taste differentiation in the context of suckling and independent, adultlike ingestive behavior."
Dev. Psychobiol. 2006 Mar; 48(2): 133-45.
Dinehart, M. E., et al. "Bitter taste markers explain variability in vegetable sweetness, bitterness, and intake." Physiol. Behav. 2006; 87(2): 304-13.
Anti-Obesity Actions:
Jung, S., et al. "Cinchonine Prevents High-Fat-Diet-Induced Obesity through Downregulation of Adipogenesis and Adipose Inflammation." PPAR Res. 2012;2012:541204.
Anti-cramping Actions:
Woodfield. R., et al. "N-of-1 trials of quinine efficacy in skeletal muscle cramps of the leg." Br. J. Gen. Pract. 2005 Mar; 55(512): 181-5.
Diener, H. C., et al. "Effectiveness of quinine in treating muscle cramps: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multicentre trial." Int. J. Clin. Pract. 2002; 56(4): 243-46.
Man-Son-Hing, M., et al. "Quinine for nocturnal leg cramps: a meta-analysis including unpublished data." J. Gen. Intern. Med. 1998; 13(9): 600-6.
Antimicrobial Actions:
Skogman, M., et al. "Evaluation of antibacterial and anti-biofilm activities of cinchona alkaloid derivatives against Staphylococcus aureus." Nat Prod Commun. 2012 Sep;7(9):1173-6.
Rojas, J. J., et al. "Screening for antimicrobial activity of ten medicinal plants used in Colombian folkloric medicine: A possible alternative in the treatment of non-nosocomial infections." BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 2006 Feb 17; 6(1): 2.
Wolf, R., et al. "Quinine sulfate and HSV replication." Dermatol. Online J. 2003 Aug; 9(3): 3.
Neuroprotective Actions:
Gigout, S., et al. "Effects of gap junction blockers on human neocortical synchronization." Neurobiol. Dis. 2006 Jun; 22(3): 496-508.
Actions on Insulin Sensitivity:
Rustenbeck, I., et al. "Desensitization of insulin secretion by depolarizing insulin secretagogues." Diabetes. 2004 Dec; 53 Suppl 3: S140-50.
Grosse-Lackmann, T., et al. "Specificity of nonadrenergic imidazoline binding sites in insulin-secreting cells and relation to the block of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels." Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2003 Dec; 1009: 371-7.
Rustenbeck, I., et al. "Desensitization of insulin secretory response to imidazolines, tolbutamide, and quinine. II. Electrophysiological and fluorimetric studies." Biochem. Pharmacol. 2001 Dec; 62(12): 1695-703.
Rustenbeck, I., et al. "Desensitization of insulin secretory response to imidazolines, tolbutamide, and quinine. I. Secretory and morphological studies." Biochem. Pharmacol. 2001 Dec; 62(12): 1685-94.
Limburg, P.J., et al. "Quinine-induced hypoglycemia." Ann. Intern. Med. 1993 Aug; 119(3): 218-9.
MAO Actions:
Itoh, K., et al. "Stereospecific oxidation of the (S)-enantiomer of RS-8359, a selective and reversible monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitor, by aldehyde oxidase." Xenobiotica. 2005; 35(6): 561-73.
Itoh, K., et al. "Species differences in enantioselective 2-oxidations of RS-8359, a selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitor, and cinchona alkaloids by aldehyde oxidase." Biopharm. Drug Dispos. 2006 Jan 6;27(3):133-139
Quinine Toxicity:
Flanagan, K. L., et al. "Quinine levels revisited: the value of routine drug level monitoring for those on parenteral therapy." Acta. Trop. 2006; 97(2): 233-7.
Osinubi, A. A., "Morphometric and stereological assessment of the effects of long-term administration of quinine on the morphology of rat testis." West Afr. J. Med. 2005 Jul-Sep; 24(3): 200-5.
Adam, I., et al. "Quinine for chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in pregnant Sudanese women in the first trimester." East Mediterr. Health J. 2004 Jul-Sep; 10(4-5): 560-5.
Adam, I., et al. "Low-dose quinine for treatment of chloroquine-resistant falciparum malaria in Sudanese pregnant women." East Mediterr. Health J. 2004 Jul-Sep; 10(4-5): 554-9.
Gopal, K. V., et al. "Unique responses of auditory cortex networks in vitro to low concentrations of quinine." Heart. Res. 2004 Jun; 192(1-2): 10-22.
Morrison, L. D., et al. "Death by quinine." Vet. Hum. Toxicol. 2003 Dec; 45(6): 303-6.
Langford, N. J., et al. "Quinine intoxications reported to the Scottish Poisons Information Bureau 1997-2002: a continuing problem." Br. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 2003 Nov; 56(5): 576-8.
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