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Karat purity is measured as 24 times the purity by mass:
where
is the karat rating of the material,
is the mass of pure gold or platinum in the material, and
is the total mass of the material. Therefore, 24-Karat gold is fine (99.9% Au
w/w), 18-Karat gold is 18 parts gold 6 parts another metal (forming an alloy), 12-Karat gold is 12 parts gold (12 parts another metal), and so forth.
In England, the carat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of
fineness (that is, 99.2% purity) could have been described as being
23-carat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold.
The Karat system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the
millesimal fineness system, in which the purity of
precious metals is denoted by parts per thousand of pure metal in the alloy.