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Message: <blockquote data-quote="elakiriaiya" data-source="post: 11970489" data-attributes="member: 380214">wahama gihila circumcise karappalla paiyata panuwa hadenna issara...Male circumcision is the surgical removal of some or all of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreskin" target="_blank">foreskin</a> (prepuce) from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penis" target="_blank">penis</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-0" target="_blank">[1]</a> Early depictions of circumcision are found in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cave_painting" target="_blank">cave paintings</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" target="_blank">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb" target="_blank">tombs</a>, though some pictures are open to interpretation.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-1" target="_blank">[2]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-2" target="_blank">[3]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-Gollaher-3" target="_blank">[4]</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" target="_blank">Religious male circumcision</a> is considered a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitzvah" target="_blank">commandment from God</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism" target="_blank">Judaism</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[5]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-5" target="_blank">[6]</a> In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam" target="_blank">Islam</a>, though not discussed in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qur%27an" target="_blank">Qur'an</a>, male circumcision is widely practised and most often considered to be a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnah" target="_blank">sunnah</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-6" target="_blank">[7]</a> It is also customary in some Christian churches in Africa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-Christian-7" target="_blank">[8]</a> Global estimates by the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Health_Organization" target="_blank">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) suggest that 30 percent of males are circumcised, of whom 68 percent are Muslim.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-WHO-GTPDSA-8" target="_blank">[9]</a>  The prevalence of circumcision varies mostly with religious  affiliation, and sometimes culture. Most circumcisions are performed  during adolescence for cultural or religious reasons;<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-9" target="_blank">[10]</a> in some countries they are more commonly performed during infancy.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-WHO-GTPDSA-8" target="_blank">[9]</a> Circumcision is also used therapeutically, as one of the treatment options for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis_xerotica_obliterans" target="_blank">balanitis xerotica obliterans</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phimosis" target="_blank">phimosis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanitis" target="_blank">balanitis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posthitis" target="_blank">posthitis</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanoposthitis" target="_blank">balanoposthitis</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_tract_infections" target="_blank">urinary tract infections</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-10" target="_blank">[11]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-11" target="_blank">[12]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-11" target="_blank"></a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-11" target="_blank"></a> Strong evidence indicates that circumcision reduces the risk of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HIV" target="_blank">HIV</a> infection in heterosexual men by 38-66% in populations that are at high risk,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-Cochrane2009-12" target="_blank">[13]</a> and studies have concluded it is cost effective in sub-Saharan Africa.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-13" target="_blank">[14]</a>  The WHO currently recommends circumcision be recognised as an  intervention as part of a comprehensive program for prevention of HIV  transmission in areas with high endemic rates of HIV.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-WHOpr0307-14" target="_blank">[15]</a> According to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Medical_Association" target="_blank">Royal Dutch Medical Association</a> (2010), no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_association" target="_blank">professional association</a> of physicians currently recommends routine circumcision.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-KNMG-15" target="_blank">[16]</a> Some bodies have discussed under what circumstances circumcision is ethical.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-16" target="_blank">[17]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-17" target="_blank">[18]</a> There is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumcision_controversies" target="_blank">controversy regarding circumcision</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-alanis2004-18" target="_blank">[19]</a> Specific controversies have included the health benefits and risks of the procedure,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-19" target="_blank">[20]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-alanis2004-18" target="_blank">[19]</a> ethical and legal considerations,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-alanis2004-18" target="_blank">[19]</a> and the application of human rights principles to the practice.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circumsision#cite_note-20" target="_blank">[21]</a></blockquote>

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