Buddhism in Europe .!

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Buddhism in Ukraine has existed since the 19th and 20th century, after immigration from countries with Buddhist populations, mainly North Vietnam and Korea under Communist period. Although sources are not readily available, Buddhists are believed to constitute 0.1% of the total population in Ukraine.

t is estimated that in the Middle East around 900,000 people, perhaps more, profess Buddhism as their religion. Buddhist adherents make up just over 0.3% of the total population of the Middle East. Many of these Buddhists are workers who have migrated from Asia to the Middle East in the last 20 years, many from countries that have large Buddhist populations, such as China, Vietnam, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Nepal and Bhutan. A small number of engineers, company directors, and managers from Japan, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, and South Korea have also moved to the Middle East.

Buddhism in Switzerland


According to the 2000 census of Switzerland, 21,305 Swiss residents (0.29% of the total population) self-identified as Buddhists. About a third of them were born in Thailand.


Buddhism in Sweden

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The Thai pavilion in Jämtland


Buddhism is a relatively small religion in Sweden. Most of the practicing Buddhists have various Asian (mostly Thai, Chinese and Vietnamese) heritage. There are current plans of constructing a Buddhist Temple in Fredrika, a small town in the north part of Sweden. This Thai-style temple will be the biggest Buddhist temple in Europe when finished. In addition to this there is a Thai pavilion in Jämtland, a region in central Sweden.




Buddhism in Slovakia

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Buddhism is not officially recognized as a religion in Slovakia. The 2001 census findings included Buddhism under "other religions, " so the total number of Buddhists is not known.
Various Buddhist schools, including all three traditional vehicles (Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana), are active as either informal groups or civil associations. Theravada is represented by groups of vipassana practitioners. Several Zen schools, including disciples of Roshi Kaizen and the Korean Kwan Um School, represent the Mahayana. Vajrayana schools include Nyingma practitioners following Namkai Norbu Rinpoche. The Diamond Way organisation founded and directed by Ole Nydahl is also active in Slovakia.


Buddhism in Russia

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Ivolga monastery.


Historically, Buddhism was incorporated into Russian lands as early as the late 15th century, when Russian explorers travelled to and settled in Siberia and what is now the Russian Far East. It is also believed that Indian King Ashoka had sent monks to spread Buddhism all over the world including Siberia.




Buddhism in Poland

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Stupa in Kuchary


The roots of Buddhism in Poland can be found in the early 20th century in the nation's connections to the origin countries of the religion, like China, Vietnam, Japan, and Korea. After World War II, primarily expatriate Poles joined various Buddhist groups and organizations. Since the breakdown of the Eastern Bloc, Buddhism has been able to develop further in the more tolerant atmosphere.
Today all of the principal schools of Buddhism, including Mahayana (Zen and Jodo Shinshu), and Tibetan Buddhism can be found in Poland[citation needed]. Movements like the Friends of the Western Buddhist Order are also active in the country[citation needed]. Umbrella organizations like the Buddhist mission (Misja Buddyjska) and the Buddhist Union of Poland unite more than two dozen groups of Buddhists. The Diamond Way centres founded and directed by of Ole Nydahl are also active in Poland.
In May 2000, the XIV. Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso opened a Buddhist department in the Pomeranian Library in Szczecin[citation needed].




Buddhism in Norway

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The Vietnamese "Khuông Việt" pagoda at Løvenstad near Oslo, the only of its kind in Norway.


Buddhism in Norway has existed since the beginning of the 1970s, after immigration from countries with Buddhist populations, mainly Vietnam. Buddhistforbundet (The Buddhist Federation) in Norway was established as a religious society in 1979 by two Buddhist groups (Rinzai Zen Senter and Karma Tashi Ling buddhistsenter) who wanted to create a common organization to preserve issues of common interest. Today, there are 20 thousand (over 0.4% of the total population) registered Buddhists in Norway.[1]




Buddhism in the Netherlands

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Buddhism is a small minority religion in The Netherlands, but it has shown rapid growth in recent years. As of the 2009 estimate, 250,000 [1] Dutch people identified their religion as Buddhist (about 1.56% [2] of the total population).


Buddhism in Lithuania

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The roots of Buddhism in Lithuania can be found in the 20th century, although the time of its first introduction there remains unknown. Zen Buddhism practiced in Lithuania today originates in Korea. There are a few active communities across the country including ones in Vilnius, Kaunas, Klaipėda, Šiauliai, Panevėžys and Šakiai.
 

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Buddhism in Liechtenstein

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According to the US State Department's International Religious Freedom Report 2006; there are 72 Buddhists in Liechtenstein or 0.22% of the total population as of 2002. It could be the smallest Buddhist community in the World.
There is only 1 Buddhist centre in Vaduz, the capital of Liechtenstein.




Buddhism in Italy

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Buddhism in Italy is represented by two major associations. The Theravada, Mahayana and Vajrayana schools of Buddhism are represented by the Italian Buddhist Union (Unione Buddhista Italiana: UBI), which is a member of the European Buddhist Union. The UBI was founded in Milan in 1985 and received government recognition in 1991. Nichiren Buddhism is represented by the Italian Buddhist Institute Soka Gakkai (Istituto Buddista Italiano Soka Gakkai: SGI-ITALIA), which was founded in 1998 and recognized by the Italian government in 2000.
The UBI estimates that there are around 60,000 practising Buddhists in Italy (about 0.1% of the population), including about 10,000 adherents to the religion among immigrants from outside the European Union; a further 10,000 or so attend Buddhist centres intermittently and follow courses in the religion.[1]




Greco-Buddhism

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The Buddha, in Greco-Buddhist style, 1st-2nd century CE, Gandhara (Modern Pakistan). (Standing Buddha (Tokyo National Museum)).
 

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Greco-Buddhism, sometimes spelled Graeco-Buddhism, refers to the cultural syncretism between Hellenistic culture and Buddhism, which developed between the 4th century BCE and the 5th century CE in the area covered by the Indian sub-continent, and modern Afghanistan, Pakistan and north-western border regions of modern India, namely western portions of Jammu and Kashmir. It was a cultural consequence of a long chain of interactions begun by Greek forays into India from the time of Alexander the Great, carried further by the establishment of Indo-Greek rule in the area for some centuries, and extended during flourishing of the Hellenized empire of the Kushans.[citation needed] Greco-Buddhism influenced the artistic, and perhaps the spiritual framework, developments of Buddhism, particularly Mahayana Buddhism, founded in India, which represents one of the two main branches of Buddhism.[1] The Buddhist religious system was then adopted in Central and Northeastern Asia, from the 1st century CE, ultimately spreading to China, Korea and Japan. Of central importance in the study of Greco-Buddhism is the claim of Ranajit Pal [1] that the Indo-Greek king Diodotus-I was the great Ashoka himself.[2] which has been supported by scholars such as Thomas McEvilley.[2]




Buddhism in Germany

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First born German monk Nyanatiloka Maha Thera


Buddhism in Germany looks back to a history of over 150 years. Arthur Schopenhauer was one of the earliest Germans who were influenced by Buddhism. Schopenhauer got his knowledge of Buddhism from authors like Isaac Jacob Schmidt (1779-1847). German Buddhists or Orientalists like Karl Eugen Neumann, Paul Dahlke, Georg Grimm, Friedrich Zimmermann (Subhadra Bhikschu) and the first German Buddhist monk Nyanatiloka were also influenced by Schopenhauer and his understanding of Buddhism. But also German Indologists like Hermann Oldenberg and his work „Buddha, sein Leben, seine Lehre, seine Gemeinde“ had an important influence on German Buddhism.




Buddhism in Finland

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Buddhism in Finland represents a very small percentage of that nation's religious practices. Out of the 5,238,460 people living in Finland, only 0.1% (5,000) of the population is identified as being Buddhist.
There are currently 12 Finnish cities that have Buddhist temples: in Helsinki, Hyvinkää, Hämeenlinna, Jyväskylä, Kouvola, Kuopio, Lahti, Lappeenranta, Pori, Salo, Tampere and Turku


Buddhism in Denmark

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Buddhism is the 4th largest religion in Denmark with approximately 20,000 - 25,000 members.[1]


Buddhism in the Czech Republic

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The mixture of Ancestor Worship, Confucianism, Taoism and foremost Mahayana Buddhism is the predominant religion of Vietnamese people (about 2/3 to 3/4 of total Buddhist numbers in the Czech Republic) and they are also the biggest Asian community in the Czech Republic (estimate over 45,000 [1], 2007's estimate) Vietnamese people live mostly in cities as Prague and Cheb. The Czech Republic’s first Vietnamese style temple, Thien An Buddhist pagoda, opened in January 2008 in the northern Czech province of Varnsdorf. The pagoda, which was completed in September 2007, will also serve as a Vietnamese culture and language teaching centre for the Czech Vietnamese community [2].
Remains of Buddhists including a small number of Chinese people and a significant moderate number of Czechs have converted to Tibetan Buddhism (Vajrayana) or Theravada Buddhism mostly. The growing number of Vajrayana practitioners centered mainly in Nyingma and Kagyu schools, Karma Kagyu having about 50 centers and meditation groups.
The Diamond Way sect founded and directed by Ole Nydahl is also active in Slovakia.
And it could make at least 0.5% Czech Republic's population is Buddhists or over 50 thousand Buddhists.
See more details in articles of Vietnamese people in the Czech Republic or Demographics of the Czech Republic
The World Buddhist Directory lists 70 Buddhist places in the Czech Republic [3]




Buddhism in Croatia

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The first Croatian Buddhist group was founded in Zagreb in the 80's. Several groups have formed since, affiliated with different traditions. Estimates of the number of Buddhists in Croatia vary from 500 to 1000, depending on the definition. At present, active Buddhist groups are working to establish foundational practices and communities in major cities. Traditions represented presently are Nyingma and Rime (nonsectarian) of Tibetan Buddhism, Shingon and Zen of Japanese Buddhism, and Ch'an of Chinese Buddhism.




Buddhism in Bulgaria

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(July 2009) Buddhism is a small minority religion in Bulgaria, with about a thousand practicioners.[citation needed] The Vietnamese community in Bulgaria traditionally practices Mahayana Buddhism alongside Ancestor Worship, but the population of this community, which mostly hails from North Vietnam has declined from tens of thousands before 1990 to around 1,000 now.[citation needed] Some Buddhist believers in Bulgaria are of Chinese descent. A small number of native Bulgarians are converts to Theravada and Tibetan Buddhism.
Shechen has a mountain retreat center not far away from Sofia; access is granted to members and it is not generally open to the public.




Buddhism in Belgium

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Meeting of Belgian Buddhist representatives at Yeunten Ling Tibetan Institute, Huy on 3 September 1997


Buddhism is a small religion in Belgium but despite lack of official recognition by the Belgian government has grown rapidly in recent years. As of the 1997 estimate, 29,497 Belgian people identified their religion as Buddhist (about 0.29% of the total population)[1]




Buddhism in Austria

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Buddhism is a legally recognized religion in Austria and it is followed by more than 10,000 Austrians. Although still small in absolute numbers (10,402 at the 2001 census), Buddhism in Austria enjoys widespread acceptance. A majority of Buddhists in the country are Austrian nationals (some of them naturalized after immigration from Asia, predominantly from the People's Republic of China and Vietnam), while a considerable number of them are foreign nationals.
As in most European countries, different branches and schools of Buddhism are represented by groups of varying sizes. Vienna not only has the largest number of foreign residents, but is also the place with the longest tradition of Buddhism in the country. Most of Austria's Buddhist temples and centres of practice can be found there; some with a specific Chinese, Vietnamese, Tibetan or Japanese appearance. The latest development has been the establishment of a “Buddhist Cemetery” around a stupa-like building for funeral ceremonies at the Vienna Central Cemetery.
Buddhism was officially recognized under Austrian law in 1983.[1] Russia is the only other "European" country to forwardly recognize Buddhism as "native" to its own soil, giving it official status, along with Orthodox Christianity, Islam, and Judaism.