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Message: <blockquote data-quote="imhotep" data-source="post: 29214263" data-attributes="member: 562115">I replied on the very first thread posted on this outbreak...copied that a few bits extra.Nipah raises it's head in India from time to time. Mostly in Kerala. Origin of Nipah was Malaysia in 1998. It's a member of the family Paramyxoviridae, genus Henipavirus. Mortality between 40% to 70%.The viral genome consists of a non-segmented negative sense single-stranded RNA of approximately 18.2 kb long which encodes six structural proteins.Paramyxoviruses are host-specific, and several are pathogenic to humans, including NiV, measles virus, mumps virus, Hendra virus (HeV), and several parainfluenza viruses. NiV has a broad host range that includes humans, bats, pigs, sheep, goats, dogs, cats, and horses.Since the initial detection, three countries described single or sporadic reoccurring outbreaks: Bangladesh (the first outbreak was in 2001, and then there were nine subsequent outbreaks till 2010 and 2011), India (2001, 2007, 2018, 2019, 2021) and the Philippines in 2014. In Bangladesh and India, the most likely sources of infection were fruits or fruit products (such as raw date palm sap) contaminated with urine or saliva from infected fruit bats. Human-to-human transmission was also reported. In the Philippines, the most commonly described routes of transmission to humans were direct exposure to infected horses, contact with contaminated materials during the slaughtering of sick horses, or consumption of raw or undercooked meat from infected horses.The Indian strain (I) is different from the genotypes found in Bangladesh (B) and Malaysia (M), the two major strains with a common descent.The incubation period of NiV generally ranges between 4–21 days but can be longer. In Malaysia incubation upto two months was noted. Infected persons remain infectious till 21 days after the onset of symptoms.The initial signs and symptoms of NiV infection are nonspecific, which is why it is often misdiagnosed at first.  RT-PCR nasal/throat swab needed.Currently no treatment other than management. However, a monoclonal antibody is under human trials.Several vaccines are under development including one mRNA vaccine, one using a protein from the closely related Hendra virus and one using a harmless vesicular stomatitis virus to deliver a Nipah virus protein. Containment and contact tracing is the key. The last time the Indians successfully did it in a month. The Indian NIV report that the footprint of Nipah virus in bats in 10 out of the 16 States. However, in Kerala, the human habitations are either close to the forest or within the forests. Hence the increased repeat incidences. It's also said that in Kerala the monitoring and reporting system is well managed.</blockquote>

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