Irrigation methods in Agriculture

[suneravimukthi]

[FONT=&quot]Surface irrigation[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crops:[/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flat lands are most suitable. If used for several level containing land, water can be pumped. [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Low cost due to minimum use of equipments unless water is pumped in to a different elevation. Only the land preparation costs. [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]can be subdivided into furrow, borderstrip or basin irrigation. It is often called flood irrigation.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Drip irrigation[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crop:[/FONT]
grapes, bananas, ber, brinjal, citrus, strawberries, sugarcane, cotton, maize, and tomatoes.[FONT=&quot][/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]the field does not have to be level. But higher slopy lands makes imposible to maintain an even pressure. [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost is comparatively higher than other methods since this method uses lot of primary eqipments like water pumps, tubes and emmiters.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Water is delivered at or near the root zone of plants, drop by drop. most water-efficient method of irrigation, if managed properly, since evaporation and runoff are minimized. delivery of fertilizer through the pipes can done as an added advantage where the process is known as fertigation.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Sprinkler irrigation[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crop:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flat or undulating land is most preffered for even distribution of water. But even for the slopy lands, moving(rotating) sprinkler systems can be used.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]In this method also cost is comparatively high due to usage of high end eqipments like sprinkler head units, valve systems, water pumps and pipes.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]water is piped to one or more central locations within the field and distributed by overhead high-pressure sprinklers or guns.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Center pivot irrigation[/FONT][FONT=&quot][/FONT]

[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crop:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Can be used for all land terrains due to its movable wheel system. [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost is higher than most of the other methods since it uses motorized wheel systems and sprinker embeded tube systems.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]is a form of sprinkler irrigation consisting of several segments of pipes joined together and supported by trusses, mounted on wheeled towers. system moves in a circular pattern and is fed with water from the pivot point at the center of the arc. Originally, most center pivots were water powered, now electric powered ones are also available.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Sub-irrigation[/FONT][FONT=&quot][/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]Crop:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]commercial greenhouse production, usually for potted plants.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Lower land area with higher water table [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]equires fairly sophisticated, expensive equipment and management[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]also sometimes called seepage irrigation has been used for many years in field crops in areas with high water tables. A system of pumping stations, canals, weirs and gates allows it to increase or decrease the water level in a network of ditches and thereby control the water table.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Manual irrigation using buckets or watering cans[/FONT][FONT=&quot][/FONT]

[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crop:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Land:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Can be used for any sort of land terrain since its done manually.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cost effective and minimum usage of machinary.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Remarks:[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]These systems have low requirements for infrastructure and technical equipment but need high labor inputs.[/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]

[FONT=&quot]Preferred Minimum Soil Mosture[/FONT][FONT=&quot][/FONT]​

[FONT=&quot]Crop [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Bars [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]ASM1 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Amount/inches in "x" days [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Irrigation Critical Moisture Period [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Preferred Irrigation Method2 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Asparagus [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/20 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Crown set and transplanting [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beans, dry [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beans, lima [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beans, pole [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.34 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]60% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beans, snap [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beans, soy (edible) [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Beet [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-2.00 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]20% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Root expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Broccoli [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Head development [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Brussels sprout [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Sprout formation [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cabbage [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.34 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]60% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/10 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Head development [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Carrot [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/21 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Seed germination, root expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cantaloupe [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.34 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]60% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/10 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering and fruit development [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cauliflower [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.34 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]60% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Head development [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Celery [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c,d [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Chinese cabbage [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Collards [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Corn, sweet [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Silking [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cucumber, pickles [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering and fruiting [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Cucumber, slicer [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering and fruiting [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Eggplant [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering and fruiting [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Greens (turnip, mustard, kale) [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Leek [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Lettuce (head, Bibb, leaf, cos) [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.34 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]60% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Head expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]New Zealand Spinach [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,d [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Okra [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Onion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Bulbing and bulb expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Parsnip [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Root expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Peas, green [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Peas, Southern [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Flowering and pod swelling [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Peppers [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Transplanting flower up to 1/2" fruit [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Potato, Irish [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.35 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]After flowering [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Pumpkin [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruiting [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Radish [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Continuous [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Rhubarb [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-2.00 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]20% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/21 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Leaf emergence [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Rutabagas [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/14 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Root expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Squash, summer [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.25 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]70% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit sizing [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Squash, winter [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.70 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/10 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit sizing [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Sweetpotato [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-2.00 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]20% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/21 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit and last 40 days [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Tomato, staked [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/5 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Tomato, ground [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Tomato, processing [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/7 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Turnip [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-.45 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]50% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/10 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Root expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Watermelon [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]-2.00 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]40% [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1/21 [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]Fruit expansion [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]a,b,c [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot]1[/FONT][FONT=&quot] ASM (Available Soil Moisture). % of soil water between field capacity (-0.1 bar) and permanent wilting point (-15 bars).
2 Irrigation method: a=Sprinkler, b=Big Gun, c=Drip, d=Flood [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]
[FONT=&quot] [/FONT]