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Message: <blockquote data-quote="KeBa" data-source="post: 6094566" data-attributes="member: 85781">Onna ehenam -: Energy a la Einstein Mass can be converted into energy with a yield governed by the Einstein relationship: <img src="http://img229.imageshack.us/img229/4240/ein1.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> where c = the speed of light. The yield from converting one kilogram is <img src="http://img229.imageshack.us/img229/2877/ein2.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> The energy consumption for one U.S. citizen for one year is about <img src="http://img229.imageshack.us/img229/1968/ein3.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" />Nuclear Fission ReactorsCurrent uses of nuclear energy must rely on nuclear fission, a less-than-ideal energy source, since nuclear fusion has yet to be harnessed for electricity generation. The heat from the nuclear fission is used to: <img src="http://img229.imageshack.us/img229/9292/ein5.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> This usually done in a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) or a Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR), but there are other options such as the fast breeder reactor. Fission and Fusion Yields <img src="http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/8064/rh2.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> Deuterium-tritium fusion and uranium-235 fission are compared in terms of energy yield. Both the single event energy and the energy per kilogram of fuel are compared. Then they expressed in terms of a nominal per capita U.S. energy use: 5 x 1011 joules. This figure is dated and probably high, but it gives a basis for comparison. The values above are the total energy yield, not the energy delivered to a consumer. <img src="http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/24/fifui.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> Nuclear Binding Energy Nuclei are made up of protons and neutron, but the mass of a nucleus is always less than the sum of the individual masses of the protons and neutrons which constitute it. The difference is a measure of the nuclear binding energy which holds the nucleus together. This binding energy can be calculated from the Einstein relationship: Nuclear binding energy = Dmc2 For the alpha particle Dm= 0.0304 u which gives a binding energy of 28.3 MeV <img src="http://img442.imageshack.us/img442/2451/nucbind.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /> Fast Breeder Reactors Under appropriate operating conditions, the neutrons given off by fission reactions can "breed" more fuel from otherwise non-fissionable isotopes. The most common breeding reaction is that of plutonium-239 from non-fissionable uranium-238. The term "fast breeder" refers to the types of configurations which can actually produce more fissionable fuel than they use, such as the LMFBR. This scenario is possible because the non-fissionable uranium-238 is 140 times more abundant than the fissionable U-235 and can be efficiently converted into Pu-239 by the neutrons from a fission chain reaction. France has made the largest implementation of breeder reactors with its large Super-Phenix reactor and an intermediate scale reactor (BN-600) on the Caspian Sea for electric power and desalinization. Breeding Plutonium-239 Fissionable plutonium-239 can be produced from non-fissionable uranium-238 by the reaction illustrated.     The bombardment of uranium-238 with neutrons triggers two successive beta decays with the production of plutonium. The amount of plutonium produced depends on the breeding ratio. <img src="http://img515.imageshack.us/img515/2482/fbre.gif" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></blockquote>

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