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Message: <blockquote data-quote="saharaz" data-source="post: 3048559" data-attributes="member: 99166"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Briffault" target="_blank">Robert Briffault</a> wrote in The Making of Humanity:"Chemistry, the rudiments of which arose in the processes employed by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" target="_blank">Egyptian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metallurgy" target="_blank">metallurgists</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewellery" target="_blank">jewellers</a> combining <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal" target="_blank">metals</a> into various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy" target="_blank">alloys</a> and '<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinting" target="_blank">tinting</a>' them to resemble <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold" target="_blank">gold</a> processes long preserved as a secret monopoly of the priestly colleges, and clad in the usual mystic formulas, developed in the hands of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" target="_blank">Arabs</a> into a widespread, organized passion for research which led them to the invention of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distillation" target="_blank">distillation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublimation_(chemistry)" target="_blank">sublimation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filtration" target="_blank">filtration</a>, to the discovery of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol" target="_blank">alcohol</a>, of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_acid" target="_blank">nitric</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" target="_blank">sulphuric acids</a> (the only <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid" target="_blank">acid</a> known to the ancients was <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinegar" target="_blank">vinegar</a>), of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkali" target="_blank">alkalis</a>, of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt" target="_blank">salts</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_(element)" target="_blank">mercury</a>, of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony" target="_blank">antimony</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismuth" target="_blank">bismuth</a>, and laid the basis of all subsequent chemistry and physical research."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim_inventions#cite_note-4#cite_note-4" target="_blank">[5]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Briffault" target="_blank">Robert Briffault</a> wrote in The Making of Humanity:"The debt of our science to that of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab" target="_blank">Arabs</a> does not consist in startling discoveries or revolutionary theories; science owes a great deal more to Arab culture, it owes its existence. The ancient world was, as we saw, pre- scientific. The astronomy and mathematics of the Greeks were a foreign importation never thoroughly acclimatized in Greek culture. The Greeks systematized, generalized and theorized, but the patient ways of investigation, the accumulation of positive knowledge, the minute methods of science, detailed and prolonged observation, experimental inquiry, were altogether alien to the Greek temperament. [...] What we call science arose in Europe as a result of a new spirit of inquiry, of new methods of investigation, of the method of experiment, observation, measurement, of the development of mathematics in a form unknown to the Greeks. That spirit and those methods were introduced into the European world by the Arabs."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science#cite_note-Briffault-8#cite_note-Briffault-8" target="_blank">[9]</a>Science is the most momentous contribution of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_world" target="_blank">Arab civilization</a> to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_world" target="_blank">modern world</a>, but its fruits were slow in ripening. Not until long after <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moors" target="_blank">Moorish</a> culture had sunk back into darkness did the giant to which it had given birth, rise in his might. It was not science only which brought Europe back to life. Other and manifold influences from the civilization of Islam communicated its first glow to European life."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science#cite_note-81#cite_note-81" target="_blank">[82]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sarton" target="_blank">George Sarton</a> wrote in the Introduction to the History of Science:"The main, as well as the least obvious, achievement of the Middle Ages was the creation of the experimental spirit and this was primarily due to the Muslims down to the 12th century."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science#cite_note-Salam-82#cite_note-Salam-82" target="_blank">[83]</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Joseph_Lodge" target="_blank">Oliver Joseph Lodge</a> wrote in the Pioneers of Science:"The only effective link between the old and the new science is afforded by the Arabs. The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages" target="_blank">dark ages</a> come as an utter gap in the scientific history of Europe, and for more than a thousand years there was not a scientific man of note except in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_Empire" target="_blank">Arabia</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science#cite_note-83#cite_note-83" target="_blank">[84]</a>It is known that the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernican_heliocentrism" target="_blank">Copernican heliocentric model</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" target="_blank">Nicolaus Copernicus</a>' <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_revolutionibus" target="_blank">De revolutionibus</a> was adapted from the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geocentric_model" target="_blank">geocentric model</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_al-Shatir" target="_blank">Ibn al-Shatir</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maragheh_observatory" target="_blank">Maragha school</a> (including the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusi-couple" target="_blank">Tusi-couple</a>) in a heliocentric context,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy#cite_note-28#cite_note-28" target="_blank">[29]</a> and that his arguments for the Earth's rotation were similar to those of Nasīr al-Dīn al-Tūsī and Ali al-Qushji.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_astronomy#cite_note-Ragep-26#cite_note-Ragep-26" target="_blank">[27]</a> Pulmonary circulation was first discovered and published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Nafis" target="_blank">Ibn Nafis</a> in his Commentary on Anatomy in Avicenna's Canon (1242), for which he is considered the father of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiovascular_physiology" target="_blank">circulatory physiology</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation#cite_note-0#cite_note-0" target="_blank">[1]</a> It was later published by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Servetus" target="_blank">Michael Servetus</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christianismi_Restitutio&action=edit&redlink=1" target="_blank">Christianismi Restitutio</a> (1553). Since it was a theology work condemned by most of the Christian factions of his time, the discovery remained mostly unknown until the dissections of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Harvey" target="_blank">William Harvey</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1616" target="_blank">1616</a>.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Tufail" target="_blank">Ibn Tufail</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" target="_blank">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a> was translated into Latin by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Pococke" target="_blank">Edward Pococke</a> in 1671 and into English by <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Ockley" target="_blank">Simon Ockley</a> in 1708 and became "one of the most important books that heralded the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" target="_blank">Scientific Revolution</a>."<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_science#cite_note-63#cite_note-63" target="_blank">[</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" target="_blank">Ibn Khaldun</a> (1332-1406), considered a father of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology" target="_blank">sociology</a> and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sciences" target="_blank">social sciences</a>, made significant contributions to <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_psychology" target="_blank">social psychology</a> in his <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muqaddimah" target="_blank">Muqaddimah</a> (Prolegomena).Father of modern <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medicine" target="_blank">medicine</a> is <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avicenna" target="_blank">Avicenna</a> he him self a Muslim The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" target="_blank">Guinness Book of World Records</a> recognizes the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Al_Karaouine" target="_blank">University of Al Karaouine</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" target="_blank">Fez, Morocco</a> as the oldest university in the world with its founding in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/859" target="_blank">859</a>if you want to know more i will full this thread with science and islam <img src="/styles/default/xenforo/smilies/default/frown.gif"  class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":frown:" title="Frown    :frown:" data-shortname=":frown:" /> <img src="/styles/default/xenforo/smilies/default/frown.gif"  class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":frown:" title="Frown    :frown:" data-shortname=":frown:" /> <img src="/styles/default/xenforo/smilies/default/frown.gif"  class="smilie" loading="lazy" alt=":frown:" title="Frown    :frown:" data-shortname=":frown:" /> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_modern_Islamic_world" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_modern_Islamic_world</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Muslim_world" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Muslim_world</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Islamic_world" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_the_Islamic_world</a><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_medieval_Islam" target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inventions_in_medieval_Islam</a></blockquote>

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