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Message: <blockquote data-quote="sirajstc" data-source="post: 12014606" data-attributes="member: 91140">Top 10 Deadliest Natural DisastersA natural disaster is the consequence of a natural hazard (e.g.  volcanic eruption, earthquake, landslide) which moves from potential in  to an active phase, and as a result affects human activities.  In some  cases these disasters have lead to the loss of millions of lives.  This  is a list of the top 10 natural disasters (ranked by number of  fatalities).  From fewest to most killed: 10. Aleppo Earthquake – 1138, Syria [Deaths: 230,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/engl-citadel-from-left-replace.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/engl-citadel-from-left-replace-tm.jpg?w=250&h=187" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>The Citadel at Aleppo Aleppo is located along the northern part of the Dead Sea Transform  system of geologic faults, which is a plate boundary separating the  Arabian plate from the African plate. The earthquake was the beginning  of the first of two intense sequences of earthquakes in the region:  October 1138 to June 1139 and a much more intense series from September  1156 to May 1159. The worst hit area was Harim, where  Crusaders had built a large citadel. Sources indicate that the castle  was destroyed and the church fell in on itself. The fort of Atharib,  then occupied by Muslims, was destroyed. The citadel also collapsed,  killing 600 of the castle guard, though the governor and some servants  survived, and fled to Mosul. 9. Indian Ocean Earthquake – 2004, Indian Ocean [Deaths: 230,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/2004-tsunami.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/2004-tsunami-tm.jpg?w=260&h=188" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>The tsunami hits The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, known by the scientific community  as the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, was an undersea earthquake that  occurred at 00:58:53 UTC (07:58:53 local time) December 26, 2004, with  an epicentre off the west coast of Sumatra, Indonesia.  The earthquake  triggered a series of devastating tsunamis along the coasts of most  landmasses bordering the Indian Ocean, killing large numbers of people  and inundating coastal communities. The magnitude of the earthquake was originally recorded as 9.0, but  has been increased to between 9.1 and 9.3. At this magnitude, it is the  second largest earthquake ever recorded on a seismograph. It was large  enough that it caused the entire planet to vibrate as much as half an  inch, or over a centimetre. 8. Banqiao Dam Failure – 1975, China [Deaths: 231,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/banqiaodamafterfailure.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/banqiaodamafterfailure-tm.jpg?w=250&h=187" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>The dam After it failed Banqiao Dam was designed to survive a 1-in-1,000-year flood (306 mm  (12 inches) rainfall per day). In August of 1975, however, a 1-in-2,000  year flood occurred, pouring more than a year’s rainfall in 24 hours,  which weather forecasts failed to predict.  The sluice gates were not  able to handle the overflow of water, partially due to sedimentation  blockage.  As a result of the blockage, 64 dams failed. When the dam finally burst, it caused a large wave, which was 10  kilometers (6 miles) wide, 3-7 meters (9-23 feet) high, to rush  downwards into the plains below at nearly 50 kilometers per hour (31  mph). It almost wiped out an area 55 kilometers long, 15 kilometers  wide, and created temporary lakes as large as 12,000 km² (4,600 square  miles). Evacuation orders had not been fully delivered because of  weather conditions and poor communications. 7. Tangshan Earthquake – 1976, China [Deaths: 242,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/19760728tangshan-earthquake640.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/19760728tangshan-earthquake640-tm.jpg?w=260&h=195" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>Aftermath of the quake The Tangshan earthquake is one of the largest earthquakes to hit the  modern world, in terms of the loss of life. The epicentre of the  earthquake was near Tangshan in Hebei, China, an industrial city with  approximately one million inhabitants.  The earthquake hit in the early  morning, at 03:42:53.8 local time (1976 July 27 19:42:53.8 UTC), and  lasted for around 15 seconds. Chinese Government’s official sources  state 7.8 on the Richter magnitude scale, though some sources list it as  8.2.   It was the first earthquake in recent history to score a direct  hit on a major city. The People’s Republic of China government refused to accept  international aid, and its own efforts were criticized as inadequate. It  was also criticized for having ignored scientists’ warnings of the need  to prepare for an earthquake. The ramifications of the political  situation created, largely contributed to the end of the Chinese  Cultural Revolution.                                                                                                                 6. Kaifeng Flood – 1642, China [Deaths: 300,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/b12070416.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/b12070416-tm.jpg?w=250&h=187" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>Kaifeng today Kaifeng, a prefecture-level city in eastern Henan province, People’s  Republic of China, located along the southern bank of the Yellow River,  was flooded in 1642 by the Ming army with water from Yellow River to  prevent the peasant rebel Li Zicheng from taking over. Roughly half of  the 600,000 residents of Kaifeng were killed by the flood and the  ensuing peripheral disasters such as famine and plague, making it one of  the deadliest single acts of war in history (excluding systematic  genocide) and the second greatest single loss of human life of its time.   The flood is sometimes referred to as a natural disaster due to the  role of the Huang He river. 5. India Cyclone – 1839, India [Deaths: 300,000+] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/madagadipet-1.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/madagadipet-1-tm.jpg?w=250&h=146" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>A site near Coringa today In 1839, a 40-foot tidal wave caused by an enormous cyclone wiped out  the harbor city of Coringa that was never entirely rebuilt; 20,000  vessels in the bay were destroyed and 300,000 people died.  This was not  the first major catastrophe to occur in Coringa: in 1789 three tidal  waves caused by a cyclone destroyed the harbour city at the mouth of the  Ganges river. Most ships were sunk and estimated 20,000 people drowned. 4. Shaanxi Earthquake – 1556, China [Deaths: 830,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/shaanxi-deformation.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/shaanxi-deformation-tm.jpg?w=250&h=157" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>The effect of the quake The 1556 Shaanxi earthquake or Hua County earthquake is the deadliest  earthquake on record, killing approximately 830,000 people. It occurred  on the morning of 23 January 1556 in Shaanxi, China. More than 97  counties were affected. A 520 mile-wide area was destroyed and in some  counties, sixty percent of the population was killed.  Most of the  population in the area at the time lived in yaodong, artificial caves in  loess cliffs, many of which collapsed during the catastrophic  occurrence, with great loss of life. Modern estimates, based on geological data, give the earthquake a  magnitude of approximately eight on the moment magnitude scale. While it  was the most deadly earthquake and the fifth deadliest natural disaster  in history, there have been earthquakes with higher magnitudes.  Aftershocks continued several times a month for half a year. An account written at the time says:“In the winter of 1556 AD, an earthquake catastrophe  occurred in the Shaanxi and Shanxi Provinces. In our Hua County, various  misfortunes took place. Mountains and rivers changed places and roads  were destroyed. In some places, the ground suddenly rose up and formed  new hills, or it sank in abruptly and became new valleys. In other  areas, a stream burst out in an instant, or the ground broke and new  gullies appeared. Huts, official houses, temples and city walls  collapsed all of a sudden.” 3. Bhola Cyclone – 1970, Bangladesh [Deaths: 500,000 - 1,000,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/350px-hurricane-katrina-damage-gulfport-mississippi.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/350px-hurricane-katrina-damage-gulfport-mississippi-tm.jpg?w=250&h=166" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>The impact of the cyclone The 1970 Bhola cyclone was a devastating tropical cyclone that struck  East Pakistan (now Bangladesh) on November 12, 1970. It was the  deadliest tropical cyclone ever recorded, and one of the deadliest  natural disasters in modern times. Up to 500,000 people lost their lives  in the storm, primarily as a result of the storm surge that flooded  much of the low-lying islands of the Ganges Delta. The Pakistani  government was severely criticized for its handling of the relief  operations following the storm, both by local political leaders in East  Pakistan and in the international media. The cyclone intensified into a severe cyclonic storm on November 11,  and began to turn towards the northeast as it approached the head of the  Bay. A clear eye formed in the storm, and it reached its peak later  that day with sustained winds of 185 km/h (115 mph).  The cyclone made  landfall on the East Pakistan coastline during the evening of November  12, around the same time as the local high tide. 2. Yellow River Flood – 1887, China [Deaths: 900,000 - 2,000,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/pyellow.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/pyellow-tm.jpg?w=250&h=172" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>Boats on the Yellow River The Yellow River (Huang He) in China is prone to flooding, due to the  broad expanse of largely flat land around it. The 1887 Yellow River  floods devastated the area, killing between 900,000-2,000,000 people. It  was one of the deadliest natural disasters ever recorded. For  centuries, the farmers living near the Yellow River had built dikes to  contain the rising waters, caused by silt accumulation on the riverbed.  In 1887, this rising seabed, coupled with days of heavy rain, overcame  the dikes, causing a massive flood. The waters of the Yellow River are  generally thought to have broken through the dikes in Huayankou, near  the city of Zhengzhou in Henan province. Owing to the low-lying plains near the area, the flood spread quickly  throughout Northern China, covering an estimate 50,000 square miles,  swamping agricultural settlements and commercial centers. After the  flood, two million were left homeless. The resulting pandemic and lack  of basic essentials claimed as many lives as those lost directly by the  flood itself. 1. Yellow River Flood – 1931, China [Deaths: 1,000,000 - 4,000,000] <a href="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/1938-huang-he-flood2.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="http://listverse.files.wordpress.com/2007/09/1938-huang-he-flood2-tm.jpg?w=250&h=147" alt="" class="fr-fic fr-dii fr-draggable " style="" /></a>Refugees caused by another Yellow River flood The 1931 Yellow River flood (Huang He flood) is generally thought to  be the deadliest natural disaster ever recorded, and almost certainly of  the twentieth century (when pandemics are discounted). Estimates of the  number of people killed in the 1931 flooding range from 1 to 4 million.  Deaths caused by the flooding include but are not limited to drowning,  disease, ensuing famines, and droughts. Lesser population densities in  prehistoric times make it unlikely that this toll had previously been  surpassed. Between July and November, some 88,000 sq km of land were completely  flooded, and about 21,000 sq km more were partially flooded.  The river  is often called “China’s sorrow” because millions of people have been  killed by flooding.  Technorati Tags: <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/disasters" target="_blank">disasters</a>, <a href="http://www.technorati.com/tag/nature" target="_blank">nature</a></blockquote>

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