10M Lkr වලින් පටන් ගන්න පුළුවන් බිස්නස් එකක්

$onny

Well-known member
  • May 21, 2012
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    මචංලා 10M Lkr වලින් පටන් ගන්න පුළුවන් බිස්නස් එකක් කියන්නකෝ. අඩු ගානේ ලක්ෂ 4ක් වත් මාසෙට return එකක් තියෙන්න ඕන. කොට්ටාව හෝමාගම පිළියන්දල පැත්තේ කරන්න පුළුවන් එකක්.
     

    Brandy2020

    Well-known member
  • May 15, 2018
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    payment business වලින් පුළුවන් වෙයි ..

    showroom සහ පඩි cost නැති business එකකින්
     
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    $onny

    Well-known member
  • May 21, 2012
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    10 ආයෝජනය කරලා 4 එන්න අම්මෝ පුක තමා උබට දෙන්න වෙන්නේ
    yako 4Million nemai ban. 4 lakshs.

    Man nan eka digata survive wenawa dekala tiyenne service station tamai,anith shops anan manan awuruden deken maru wenawa.pharmacy ehemath digatama tiyenawa.
    akath good idea. matath paharmacy case1 nam hithila thiyanawa. ath experince ekaka nathi eka thama case1. licene 1k ganna godak amaruda ban? mama maths karala thiyenne.

    Casino ගහපන් 🎰
    :lol:
    40% or 4%
    4 lakshs per month ban
    payment business වලින් පුළුවන් වෙයි ..

    showroom සහ පඩි cost නැති business එකකින්
    payment business kiwwe?
     

    Naughtykolla48

    Well-known member
  • Nov 13, 2017
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    හඳට කිට්ටුව
    EV charging station ekaka profit kohalada ban? investment eke keeyda kiyala dannawada?

    Below is a financial model for deploying a 60kW DC Fast Charger (Dual-Gun CCS2/GB/T) in Sri Lanka, based on standard PUCSL EVCS-2 tariffs and current commercial market dynamics.

    1. Initial Capital Expenditure (CapEx) Breakdown​

    ItemEstimated Cost (LKR)Description
    60kW DC Fast Charger UnitLKR 4,500,000Dual connector (e.g., Star Charge / Autel / Sinex)
    CEB Substation / Transformer & MeteringLKR 1,800,000Dedicated 3-phase supply (>42 kVA capacity)
    Civil Works & CablesLKR 600,000Concrete plinth, canopy, trenching, and safety barriers
    Signage, CCTV & BrandingLKR 200,000Security and site illumination
    Total Initial Investment (CapEx)LKR 7,100,000

    2. Operational Revenue & Cost Assumptions​

    • Power Consumption per Vehicle: ~25 kWh per session (30–40 minute charge).
    • Retail Price Billed to Drivers: LKR 130 per kWh (Standard market rate for DC fast charging in SL).
    • CEB Wholesale Electricity Cost: Weighted average of ~LKR 87/kWh under EVCS Time-of-Use tariffs.
    • Margin per kWh: ~LKR 43/kWh gross margin before fixed operational expenses.

    3. Monthly Financial Projections (By Utilization)​

    Operational LevelLow Traffic (4 sessions/day)Moderate Traffic (8 sessions/day)High Traffic (12 sessions/day)
    Energy Sold / Month3,000 kWh6,000 kWh9,000 kWh
    Gross RevenueLKR 390,000LKR 780,000LKR 1,170,000
    CEB Power Cost(LKR 261,000)(LKR 522,000)(LKR 783,000)
    Gross Operating ProfitLKR 129,000LKR 258,000LKR 387,000
    Fixed Costs (See Below)(LKR 65,000)(LKR 75,000)(LKR 85,000)
    Net Monthly ProfitLKR 64,000LKR 183,000LKR 302,000
    Annual Net ProfitLKR 768,000LKR 2,196,000LKR 3,624,000
    Note: Fixed Costs include CEB kVA demand charges, CPO software/app commission (10–15%), internet, site lease/share, and routine maintenance allowance.

    4. Return on Investment (ROI) & Payback Horizon​

    Payback Period = Total CapEx / Annual Net Profit
    Simple ROI (%) = (Annual Net Profit / Total CapEx) × 100

    • Scenario A: Low Utilization (4 sessions/day)
      • Payback Period: ~9.2 Years
      • Simple ROI: 10.8% / year
    • Scenario B: Moderate Utilization (8 sessions/day - Baseline Target)
      • Payback Period: ~3.2 Years
      • Simple ROI: 30.9% / year
    • Scenario C: High Utilization (12 sessions/day - Expressway / Prime City Sites)
      • Payback Period: ~2.0 Years
      • Simple ROI: 51.0% / year

    5. Critical Risk & Yield Optimizers​

    • Solar Hybrid Off-Grid/Grid-Tie Integration: Installing a 30kW–50kW rooftop solar system cuts daytime CEB power draw from LKR 87/kWh down to ~LKR 15–20/kWh, increasing net profit margins by 40%–60%.
    • Co-Location Advantage: A standalone charger yields lower return compared to placing one at an existing commercial site (restaurant, supermarket, or tea factory outlet), where retail spillover offsets land costs.
     

    Naughtykolla48

    Well-known member
  • Nov 13, 2017
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    හඳට කිට්ටුව
    Integrating a 40kW commercial solar PV system significantly lowers operating costs by generating low-cost daytime power, substantially reducing the project's overall payback horizon.

    1. Updated Capital Expenditure (CapEx)​

    Investment ComponentBase Cost (LKR)Description
    60kW DC Charger + Grid SubstationLKR 7,100,000Fast charger, transformer connection, civil works & signage
    40kW Commercial Solar SystemLKR 4,400,000Tier-1 On-grid solar panels, inverter, mounting & grid-tie setup
    Total Combined Investment (CapEx)LKR 11,500,000

    2. Solar Generation & Cost Offset Model​

    • Solar Generation: A 40kW system in Sri Lanka generates ~4,800 kWh per month (~160 kWh/day assuming 4.0 peak sun hours).
    • Cost Offset Value: Every kWh generated directly offsets grid power purchases from CEB (~LKR 87/kWh).
    • Monthly Power Savings: 4,800 kWh × LKR 87/kWh = ~LKR 417,600 saved per month.
    • Excess Export (Net Plus/Net Accounting): If energy demand is lower than generation, excess power exported to CEB earns ~LKR 17.46/kWh under rooftop feed-in rates.

    3. Recalculated Monthly Profit & ROI Comparison​

    MetricLow Utilization (4 sessions/day)Moderate Utilization (8 sessions/day)High Utilization (12 sessions/day)
    Monthly Power Demand3,000 kWh6,000 kWh9,000 kWh
    Gross Monthly RevenueLKR 390,000LKR 780,000LKR 1,170,000
    Net CEB Energy Cost+LKR 31,400 (Net Export)(LKR 104,400)(LKR 365,400)
    Fixed Operating Expenses(LKR 65,000)(LKR 75,000)(LKR 85,000)
    Net Monthly ProfitLKR 356,400LKR 600,600LKR 719,600
    Annual Net ProfitLKR 4,276,800LKR 7,207,200LKR 8,635,200

    4. Payback & ROI Comparison (Standalone vs. Solar-Integrated)​

    ScenarioStandalone 60kW DC ChargerSolar-Integrated 60kW DC ChargerFinancial Gain / Impact
    Total CapExLKR 7.1 MillionLKR 11.5 Million+LKR 4.4M additional upfront
    Low Traffic Payback9.2 Years2.7 Years6.5 years faster payback
    Moderate Traffic Payback3.2 Years1.6 Years50% reduction in payback time
    High Traffic Payback2.0 Years1.3 YearsRapid capital recovery
    Annualized ROI (Moderate)30.9%62.7%2x return on invested capital

    Key Takeaway​

    Adding solar increases upfront CapEx by 62%, but boosts annual net earnings by 220%+ at moderate usage. This turns the project into an energy-independent asset that hedges against future CEB electricity rate increases.
     

    $onny

    Well-known member
  • May 21, 2012
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    Integrating a 40kW commercial solar PV system significantly lowers operating costs by generating low-cost daytime power, substantially reducing the project's overall payback horizon.

    1. Updated Capital Expenditure (CapEx)​

    Investment ComponentBase Cost (LKR)Description
    60kW DC Charger + Grid SubstationLKR 7,100,000Fast charger, transformer connection, civil works & signage
    40kW Commercial Solar SystemLKR 4,400,000Tier-1 On-grid solar panels, inverter, mounting & grid-tie setup
    Total Combined Investment (CapEx)LKR 11,500,000

    2. Solar Generation & Cost Offset Model​

    • Solar Generation: A 40kW system in Sri Lanka generates ~4,800 kWh per month (~160 kWh/day assuming 4.0 peak sun hours).
    • Cost Offset Value: Every kWh generated directly offsets grid power purchases from CEB (~LKR 87/kWh).
    • Monthly Power Savings: 4,800 kWh × LKR 87/kWh = ~LKR 417,600 saved per month.
    • Excess Export (Net Plus/Net Accounting): If energy demand is lower than generation, excess power exported to CEB earns ~LKR 17.46/kWh under rooftop feed-in rates.

    3. Recalculated Monthly Profit & ROI Comparison​

    MetricLow Utilization (4 sessions/day)Moderate Utilization (8 sessions/day)High Utilization (12 sessions/day)
    Monthly Power Demand3,000 kWh6,000 kWh9,000 kWh
    Gross Monthly RevenueLKR 390,000LKR 780,000LKR 1,170,000
    Net CEB Energy Cost+LKR 31,400 (Net Export)(LKR 104,400)(LKR 365,400)
    Fixed Operating Expenses(LKR 65,000)(LKR 75,000)(LKR 85,000)
    Net Monthly ProfitLKR 356,400LKR 600,600LKR 719,600
    Annual Net ProfitLKR 4,276,800LKR 7,207,200LKR 8,635,200

    4. Payback & ROI Comparison (Standalone vs. Solar-Integrated)​

    ScenarioStandalone 60kW DC ChargerSolar-Integrated 60kW DC ChargerFinancial Gain / Impact
    Total CapExLKR 7.1 MillionLKR 11.5 Million+LKR 4.4M additional upfront
    Low Traffic Payback9.2 Years2.7 Years6.5 years faster payback
    Moderate Traffic Payback3.2 Years1.6 Years50% reduction in payback time
    High Traffic Payback2.0 Years1.3 YearsRapid capital recovery
    Annualized ROI (Moderate)30.9%62.7%2x return on invested capital

    Key Takeaway​

    Adding solar increases upfront CapEx by 62%, but boosts annual net earnings by 220%+ at moderate usage. This turns the project into an energy-independent asset that hedges against future CEB electricity rate increases.
    good location + solar thiyanawa nam hoda profit ekak thyanawa wage. mama oka study krala balannam

    1786428078732.png

    kahathuduwe me hariye dammoth business thyeida ban?
    land ekak rent ekata gaththoth keeyak per month denna weida?
    ------ Post added on Aug 11, 2026 at 11:26 AM
     

    mr.bauwwa

    Well-known member
  • May 15, 2017
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    මචංලා 10M Lkr වලින් පටන් ගන්න පුළුවන් බිස්නස් එකක් කියන්නකෝ. අඩු ගානේ ලක්ෂ 4ක් වත් මාසෙට return එකක් තියෙන්න ඕන. කොට්ටාව හෝමාගම පිළියන්දල පැත්තේ කරන්න පුළුවන් එකක්.
    poliyata denda tamai.
    spa ekak dapan.
    kudu.
     

    MihiCherub

    Well-known member
  • Sep 14, 2009
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    Gampaha
    good location + solar thiyanawa nam hoda profit ekak thyanawa wage. mama oka study krala balannam

    View attachment 268710
    kahathuduwe me hariye dammoth business thyeida ban?
    land ekak rent ekata gaththoth keeyak per month denna weida?
    ------ Post added on Aug 11, 2026 at 11:26 AM
    therumak na wage. ROI kal wadi. anika government services ekka weda karanawa kiyanne watha.
     

    Naughtykolla48

    Well-known member
  • Nov 13, 2017
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    හඳට කිට්ටුව
    good location + solar thiyanawa nam hoda profit ekak thyanawa wage. mama oka study krala balannam

    View attachment 268710
    kahathuduwe me hariye dammoth business thyeida ban?
    land ekak rent ekata gaththoth keeyak per month denna weida?
    ------ Post added on Aug 11, 2026 at 11:26 AM

    Ewa nam hariyatama danne naha ban,
    Site ekata gihilla balapan, dawas dekak withara study karapan situation eka mokadda kiyala


    Location Analysis​


    Kahathuduwa Interchange

    The location circled in red is immediately adjacent to the Kahathuduwa Interchange Click to open side panel for more information exit/entry ramp on the B84 (Colombo – Horana Road), directly in front of the toll booths.

    Strategic Advantages of this Specific Site:​

    1. High EV Traffic Volume: Drivers exiting or entering the Southern Expressway (E01) pass directly through this bottleneck. Highway long-haulers heading towards Galle/Matara or returning to Colombo frequently top up battery levels around key interchanges.
    2. Access & Visibility: Situated along the 90-foot wide main Colombo–Horana highway right before the toll gate.
    3. Synergy with Nearby Amenities: Located right next to supermarket/retail outlets (like Keells) and local food stops, providing drivers with a place to rest during a 30–45 minute charge cycle.

    Land Leasing Cost Projections (Kahathuduwa Interchange Area)​

    To set up a 60kW DC Fast Charger hub with parking space, transformer room, and canopy, you typically need 6 to 12 perches (approx. 1,600 to 3,200 sq. ft.) of roadside land.

    1. Commercial Land Valuation Baseline​

    • Outright Market Value: Main-road commercial land facing the Colombo–Horana Road near the interchange ranges from LKR 1.2 Million to LKR 1.8 Million per perch.
    • Standard Commercial Lease Rate: In Sri Lanka, bare commercial land leases typically run at 0.5% to 0.8% of capital value per month, depending on contract duration (e.g., 5 to 10-year lease terms).

    2. Monthly Land Lease Estimates​

    Land Size RequiredTarget PurposeEstimated Monthly Lease Cost (LKR)
    6 – 8 PerchesSingle 60kW/120kW DC Fast Charger (2 Bays) + TransformerLKR 45,000 – LKR 75,000 / month
    10 – 12 PerchesFast Charger (2 Bays) + L2 Charger (2 Bays) + Solar CanopyLKR 80,000 – LKR 130,000 / month
    Note: Owners often ask for a 6-month to 1-year refundable key money advance.

    Impact on Overall Financial Model​

    Adding a LKR 60,000/month land lease to the Moderate Traffic Scenario (8 sessions/day) modeled earlier:
    Gross Operating Profit (8 sessions/day): LKR 258,000 / month
    Less Operational Costs (App, Maintenance): (LKR 35,000 / month)
    Less Land Lease (8 perches @ Kahathuduwa): (LKR 60,000 / month)
    --------------------------------------------------------------
    Net Monthly Operating Income: ~LKR 163,000 / month (~LKR 1.95M / year)

    Alternative Option: Revenue Share Model​

    Instead of a fixed monthly cash lease, many EV charging operators in Sri Lanka partner with existing landowners (e.g., restaurants, supermarkets, or filling stations near the interchange) on a Revenue Share Deal:
    • Landowner provides: 2–3 parking slots and land space.
    • You provide: Charger, utility transformer, and setup.
    • Payout Structure: Offer the landowner 5% – 10% of gross energy sales (approx. LKR 35,000 – LKR 75,000/month based on volume). This eliminates fixed overhead risk if initial traffic is low.
     
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    hapriyankara

    Well-known member
  • May 6, 2008
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    නොපෙනෙන මානයේ
    Integrating a 40kW commercial solar PV system significantly lowers operating costs by generating low-cost daytime power, substantially reducing the project's overall payback horizon.

    1. Updated Capital Expenditure (CapEx)​

    Investment ComponentBase Cost (LKR)Description
    60kW DC Charger + Grid SubstationLKR 7,100,000Fast charger, transformer connection, civil works & signage
    40kW Commercial Solar SystemLKR 4,400,000Tier-1 On-grid solar panels, inverter, mounting & grid-tie setup
    Total Combined Investment (CapEx)LKR 11,500,000

    2. Solar Generation & Cost Offset Model​

    • Solar Generation: A 40kW system in Sri Lanka generates ~4,800 kWh per month (~160 kWh/day assuming 4.0 peak sun hours).
    • Cost Offset Value: Every kWh generated directly offsets grid power purchases from CEB (~LKR 87/kWh).
    • Monthly Power Savings: 4,800 kWh × LKR 87/kWh = ~LKR 417,600 saved per month.
    • Excess Export (Net Plus/Net Accounting): If energy demand is lower than generation, excess power exported to CEB earns ~LKR 17.46/kWh under rooftop feed-in rates.

    3. Recalculated Monthly Profit & ROI Comparison​

    MetricLow Utilization (4 sessions/day)Moderate Utilization (8 sessions/day)High Utilization (12 sessions/day)
    Monthly Power Demand3,000 kWh6,000 kWh9,000 kWh
    Gross Monthly RevenueLKR 390,000LKR 780,000LKR 1,170,000
    Net CEB Energy Cost+LKR 31,400 (Net Export)(LKR 104,400)(LKR 365,400)
    Fixed Operating Expenses(LKR 65,000)(LKR 75,000)(LKR 85,000)
    Net Monthly ProfitLKR 356,400LKR 600,600LKR 719,600
    Annual Net ProfitLKR 4,276,800LKR 7,207,200LKR 8,635,200

    4. Payback & ROI Comparison (Standalone vs. Solar-Integrated)​

    ScenarioStandalone 60kW DC ChargerSolar-Integrated 60kW DC ChargerFinancial Gain / Impact
    Total CapExLKR 7.1 MillionLKR 11.5 Million+LKR 4.4M additional upfront
    Low Traffic Payback9.2 Years2.7 Years6.5 years faster payback
    Moderate Traffic Payback3.2 Years1.6 Years50% reduction in payback time
    High Traffic Payback2.0 Years1.3 YearsRapid capital recovery
    Annualized ROI (Moderate)30.9%62.7%2x return on invested capital

    Key Takeaway​

    Adding solar increases upfront CapEx by 62%, but boosts annual net earnings by 220%+ at moderate usage. This turns the project into an energy-independent asset that hedges against future CEB electricity rate increases.
    This post is a classic example of "marketing math." While it correctly identifies the hardware components, the financial projections are heavily distorted because they ignore how electricity is physically consumed and how the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) actually bills commercial chargers.

    Here is the breakdown of why this business model will not achieve a 1.3 to 2.7-year payback period in the real world.

    The "Perfect Match" Illusion (The Core Flaw)​

    The entire LKR 417,600 monthly savings calculation hinges on one mathematically impossible assumption: 100% Solar Self-Consumption.

    To achieve that specific savings number, the author assumes that every single unit of the 4,800 kWh generated by the solar panels is instantly transferred into a customer's EV battery at the exact moment the sun is shining. Here is why that fails:

    • The Solar Bell Curve: A 40kW solar system generates power on a slow curve. It produces very little at 8:00 AM, peaks around noon, and drops off by 4:00 PM.
    • The EV Charger Spike: A 60kW DC Fast Charger is highly "bursty." The moment an EV plugs in, it demands a massive, instant spike of up to 60kW.

    Scenario A: A Car Plugs In at Noon​

    If a car arrives at peak sunlight, the charger demands 60kW. The 40kW solar panels can only provide roughly 30kW to 35kW at their absolute peak. The remaining 25kW+ must be pulled instantly from the CEB grid. This means you are still paying the utility for a large portion of that charging session.

    Scenario B: An Empty Station at 1:00 PM​

    If there are no cars at the station during peak sunlight, the solar system is generating 30kW of power with nowhere to go. Without a massive commercial battery bank, that power is exported to the grid. Under Net Accounting, the CEB pays you the standard feed-in rate—which the post admits is only LKR 17.46/kWh—not the inflated LKR 87.

    You are essentially forced to sell your power to the government for cheap when the station is empty, and buy it back for a premium when cars arrive outside of peak sun hours.

    The Reality of PUCSL Time-of-Use Tariffs​

    The Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) implemented strict time-of-use electricity tariffs specifically for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS). According to the approved tariff structure, EV charging stations will be charged based on time-of-use rates, with separate pricing for DC fast charging and AC Level 2 charging.

    For a DC Fast Charger, those rates are:

    • Day (05:30 to 18:30): Rs. 87 per kWh.
    • Peak (18:30 to 22:30): Rs. 111 per kWh.
    • Off-peak (22:30 to 05:30): Rs. 53 per kWh.
    The post calculated all revenue based on the Rs. 87 daytime rate. If a customer stops to charge their EV at 7:00 PM on their way home from work, your solar panels are producing absolutely zero electricity. You will be forced to buy power from the CEB at the massive Rs. 111 per kWh peak rate, severely crippling your profit margins for evening sessions.

    The Bottom Line​

    Integrating a 40kW solar setup will help lower the daytime utility bills of an EV station, but the real-world ROI will be significantly slower than the 1.6 years promised for "moderate traffic." The math in the post pretends the business operates in a vacuum where the sun's output always perfectly matches the arrival of paying customers.

    ~ Gemini Pro
     

    Naughtykolla48

    Well-known member
  • Nov 13, 2017
    12,656
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    113
    හඳට කිට්ටුව
    Integrating a 40kW commercial solar PV system significantly lowers operating costs by generating low-cost daytime power, substantially reducing the project's overall payback horizon.

    This post is a classic example of "marketing math." While it correctly identifies the hardware components, the financial projections are heavily distorted because they ignore how electricity is physically consumed and how the Ceylon Electricity Board (CEB) actually bills commercial chargers.

    Here is the breakdown of why this business model will not achieve a 1.3 to 2.7-year payback period in the real world.

    The "Perfect Match" Illusion (The Core Flaw)​

    The entire LKR 417,600 monthly savings calculation hinges on one mathematically impossible assumption: 100% Solar Self-Consumption.

    To achieve that specific savings number, the author assumes that every single unit of the 4,800 kWh generated by the solar panels is instantly transferred into a customer's EV battery at the exact moment the sun is shining. Here is why that fails:

    • The Solar Bell Curve: A 40kW solar system generates power on a slow curve. It produces very little at 8:00 AM, peaks around noon, and drops off by 4:00 PM.
    • The EV Charger Spike: A 60kW DC Fast Charger is highly "bursty." The moment an EV plugs in, it demands a massive, instant spike of up to 60kW.

    Scenario A: A Car Plugs In at Noon​

    If a car arrives at peak sunlight, the charger demands 60kW. The 40kW solar panels can only provide roughly 30kW to 35kW at their absolute peak. The remaining 25kW+ must be pulled instantly from the CEB grid. This means you are still paying the utility for a large portion of that charging session.

    Scenario B: An Empty Station at 1:00 PM​

    If there are no cars at the station during peak sunlight, the solar system is generating 30kW of power with nowhere to go. Without a massive commercial battery bank, that power is exported to the grid. Under Net Accounting, the CEB pays you the standard feed-in rate—which the post admits is only LKR 17.46/kWh—not the inflated LKR 87.

    You are essentially forced to sell your power to the government for cheap when the station is empty, and buy it back for a premium when cars arrive outside of peak sun hours.

    The Reality of PUCSL Time-of-Use Tariffs​

    The Public Utilities Commission of Sri Lanka (PUCSL) implemented strict time-of-use electricity tariffs specifically for Electric Vehicle Charging Stations (EVCS). According to the approved tariff structure, EV charging stations will be charged based on time-of-use rates, with separate pricing for DC fast charging and AC Level 2 charging.

    For a DC Fast Charger, those rates are:

    • Day (05:30 to 18:30): Rs. 87 per kWh.
    • Peak (18:30 to 22:30): Rs. 111 per kWh.
    • Off-peak (22:30 to 05:30): Rs. 53 per kWh.
    The post calculated all revenue based on the Rs. 87 daytime rate. If a customer stops to charge their EV at 7:00 PM on their way home from work, your solar panels are producing absolutely zero electricity. You will be forced to buy power from the CEB at the massive Rs. 111 per kWh peak rate, severely crippling your profit margins for evening sessions.

    The Bottom Line​

    Integrating a 40kW solar setup will help lower the daytime utility bills of an EV station, but the real-world ROI will be significantly slower than the 1.6 years promised for "moderate traffic." The math in the post pretends the business operates in a vacuum where the sun's output always perfectly matches the arrival of paying customers.

    ~ Gemini Pro

    Just checking the math, bro.

    If he opts for a 100kWh LFP Battery Storage (BESS) + Hybrid Inverter, it will add another 5- 7 Mn. I didn't add that, since his basic budget was around 10 Mn.

    Doing a feasibility test before starting any business is a basic thumb rule.

    The risk is not only the power generated through the solar panels, but there may be many other risk factors.
     
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