Rhinoplasty (reconstructive nose surgery) was first developed in ancient India, by the ayurvedic physician Sushruta (ca. 800 BC), who described reconstruction of the nose in the Sushruta samhita (ca. 500 BC), his medico–surgical compendium. The physician Sushruta and his medical students developed and applied plastic surgical techniques for reconstructing noses, genitalia, earlobes, et cetera, that were amputated as religious, criminal, or military punishment.
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